feat: Add str.normalize()

[etiennebacher]

Contributing to the Rust part for the first time so there are probably some quirks here and there. I used the suggestion in #11455 to use the unicode_normalization crate and mostly followed #12878. I don't know if you want to add this function or to implement it that way but it was good training for me anyway.

Note that I'm not very familiar with this method so double-checking the output and maybe adding more corner cases to the test suite would be nice.

Quick performance check after make build-release:

import polars as pl
import time
import pandas as pd

N = 20_000_000
txt = ["01²3", "株式会社", "ሎ", "ＫＡＤＯＫＡＷＡ Ｆｕｔｕｒｅ"]

ser = pd.Series(txt * N)
start = time.time()
ser.str.normalize('NFKC')
print("Pandas:", time.time() - start)

ser = pl.Series(txt* N)
start = time.time()
ser.str.normalize('NFKC')
print("Polars:", time.time() - start)

Pandas: 11.836752653121948
Polars: 11.922921657562256

A bit disappointed with the performance, maybe I missed something obvious. There are also a couple of issues on performance in the Rust crate used: https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-normalization/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc+is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+performance

Fixes #5799
Fixes #11455

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 84.05797% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 79.01%. Comparing base (3aaf4c2) to head (cb023f8).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
.../polars-python/src/lazyframe/visitor/expr_nodes.rs	0.00%	8 Missing ⚠️
.../polars-ops/src/chunked_array/strings/normalize.rs	91.30%	2 Missing ⚠️
...rates/polars-plan/src/dsl/function_expr/strings.rs	85.71%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #20483   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   79.01%   79.01%           
=======================================
  Files        1563     1564    +1     
  Lines      220596   220665   +69     
  Branches     2492     2492           
=======================================
+ Hits       174306   174367   +61     
- Misses      45717    45725    +8     
  Partials      573      573           

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[orlp]

This kernel should not be written by collecting to a temporary String for each string. It should instead be something like this to re-use the allocation:

pub fn normalize_with<F: Fn(&str, &mut String)>(ca: &StringChunked, normalizer: F) -> StringChunked {
    let mut buffer = String::new();
    let mut builder = StringChunkedBuilder::new(ca.name().clone(), ca.len());
    for opt_s in ca.iter() {
        if let Some(s) = opt_s {
            buffer.clear();
            normalizer(s, &mut buffer);
            builder.append_value(&buffer);
        } else {
            builder.append_null();
        }
    }
    builder.finish()
}

pub fn normalize(ca: &StringChunked, form: UnicodeForm) -> StringChunked {
    match form {
        UnicodeForm::NFC => normalize_with(ca, |s, b| b.extend(s.nfc())),
        UnicodeForm::NFKC => normalize_with(ca, |s, b| b.extend(s.nfkc())),
        UnicodeForm::NFD => normalize_with(ca, |s, b| b.extend(s.nfd())),
        UnicodeForm::NFKD => normalize_with(ca, |s, b| b.extend(s.nfkd())),
    }
}

[etiennebacher]

Thanks @orlp, I naively followed unicode_normalization's example but should have given more thought to this.

Updated benchmark:

Pandas: 20.463711977005005
Polars: 16.712544441223145

(Can't really explain the change in magnitude compared to the first one but the gap between polars and pandas now is consistently there)