python_learners_glossary

Definitions of Python jargon to help Python beginners understand Pythonista gobbletigook. The idea is to help a Python beginner's understanding even before they've learned to write the code.

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1. Clarity
2. Conciseness
3. Accuracy

... are all desirable - in that order. Don't get pedantic or hung up on `corner cases`_.

Terms to define are not strictly Python terms, but any terms likely to be frequently heard at a Python conference.

To reduce cognitive load, let's use examples around a consistent, familiar theme: cats.

Glossary

General

Execute

Go. Run. Do that thing you do. Nothing to do with beheading anybody.

Code

Collection of computer instructions in a human-readable computer/programming language.

Comment

To clarify something in the middle of a piece of code. If used properly can make understanding your code much easier than if they weren't present.

Numeral systems

Decimal

A numeral system of base 10, which means it has 10 digits to represent numbers. As long as you only have ten digits, your system can be called decimal, but it is conventional to use from 0 to 9.

It is the standard today.

Example: 20 octal is 16 decimal

Binary

A numeral system of base 2, which means it has 2 digits to represent numbers. As long as you only have two digits, your system can be called binary, but it is conventional to use 0 and 1.

Example: 12 octal is 1010 binary

Octal

A numeral system of base 8, which means it has 8 digits to represent numbers. As long as you only have eight digits, your system can be called octal, but it is conventional to use from 0 to 7.

Example: 80 decimal is 120 octal

Hexadecimal (or Hex)

A numeral system of base 16, which means it has 16 digits to represent numbers. As long as you only have sixteen digits, your system can be called hexadecimal, but it is conventional to use from 0 to 9 and A to F.

Example: 123 decimal is 7B hex

Data

Value

A single piece of data, like 3 or 'Fluffy'

Literal

A representation of a value as the value itself, as opposed to the result of a function or expression.

"Whiskers"  # a string literal
'Whiskers'  # a string literal
1  # an integer literal
1.5  # a float literal
["Whiskers", 10]  # a list literal

String

A piece of text data, like 'hello'. Enclosing it in quotation marks tells Python that it's a string and not something like a variable name.

Float

Short for floating-point number, a number with a decimal point.

Variable

A piece of data that has a name.

cat_name = 'Fluffy'

Now cat_name is a variable with the value 'Fluffy'.

Assign

Give a name to a value, making a variable.

Expression

A description of a value that contains calculations and/or other executable code; the code must be executed to determine the expression's actual value. Typically, these fit on one line, but not necessarily.

Examples:

'lazy ' + 'cat'  # Evaluates to 'lazy cat'
2 * 2 > 100  # Evaluates to ``False``

Boolean

True or False.

List

A series of values. Python will remember what order they come in.

['Mouser', 17, 'Whiskers']

Tuple

A series of values. Python will remember what order they come in.

Hey, is that the same as a list? It's very similar, but after a tuple is set up, you're not allowed to change it.

('Mouser', 17, 'Whiskers')

Set

Just like in mathematics - a group of values. Python will not necessarily remember what order they came in, and each value can only appear in the set once.

Functions

Function

A named series of instructions. Its definition begins with the def keyword.

def feed_cat(kg_of_food, kg_of_cat):
    kg_of_food = kg_of_food - 0.1
    kg_of_cat = kg_of_cat + 0.1

Call

Tell a function to execute. To call a function, give its name followed by parenthesis containing its arguments (if any).

feed_cat(8.0, 3.0)

Argument

A piece of data that you "pass" (give) to a function as you call it. In our feed_cat function, kg_of_food and kg_of_cat are the function's arguments.

Parameter

Synonym for argument.

Return

Stop running a function and return to the place where the function was called from. Send a value back - the "return value".

Object-oriented

Object

A logical grouping of functions (called "methods" in this context) and variables (called "attributes_" in this context).

Method

A function that belongs to an object and "knows" about the object it belongs to. For instance, if my_cat is an object that has a speak method, then we can call it:

my_cat.speak()
'meow'

... and my_cat.speak doesn't need to be told what kind of animal should speak, because it already knows that it belongs to my_cat.

Attribute

A piece of data that belongs to an object. This object, my_cat, has a name attribute with the value 'Agamemnon'.``

my_cat.name
'Agamemnon'

Class

A code template, used for creating and initializing an object with pre-defined data, and for providing code to operate on that object's data.

Instance

An object of a given class. my_cat is an instance of the class Cat.

Instantiate

Create a new instance of a given class. When my_cat has kittens, she is instantiating several new instances of the class Cat. (Please spay our neuter your pets!)

Object-oriented programming

Programming that makes use of classes and objects.

Dunder

The two underscores before and after a method name to indicate that it is "magic", i.e. __init__, __new__, etc. (Short for "Double-underscore")

Magic Method

Methods that can be used to change the normal behavior of an object. HINT : in Python, everything is an object.

Program Structure

`Module`_

A single file of Python commands. Calling it a module implies we plan to "import" it, not just call it on its own.

`Package`_

A directory full of modules that can all together be referred to by the package's name.

Import

Make the contents of a module_ or package_ available in your current program, even though it comes outside your current program's file.

Tools

Editor

A program to create or change files. We usually mean text editor, since a Python program is a kind of text file. Notepad is an example of an editor (but don't use Notepad to edit Python, it can introduce mistakes into your Python programs; Notepad++ is a good alternative).

IDE

Abbreviation for Integrated Development Environment. A kind of text editor with programming-related superpowers; a program that lets you build more programs. Examples include Eclipse, Sublime, Wingware, and IDLE

Database

A place to store data outside the program, possibly in memory ("in-memory databases") but generally on disk. A file on disk could be considered a very simple database, but we usually mean much more advanced programs.

Relational database

A very common kind of database that's good at retrieving data that have relationships to one another. For instance, a question like "How expensive is the cat food brand that most of my cats prefer?" is usually easier to answer in a relational database than in other types of database.

RDBMS

Relational database management system - basically a synonym for relational database.

SQL

The specialized language usually used to get and manipulate data in a relational database.

SQL database

More or less a synonym for relational database.

REPL

An interactive programming language interpreter that allows a user to type in statements which are immediately evaluated. The term REPL is an acronym for Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop.

Techniques

Bug

A mistake in software that makes it crash or behave badly.

Debug

Find and fix bugs in code

Refactor

Change a program so that the functionality seems the same from the user's point of view, but the code itself is better - easier to read, understand, maintain, etc.

Agile Development

A systematic approach to software development that emphasizes short, concentrated periods of work on specific features or enhancements, where such features are delivered independently of the project at large

Contrast with the Waterfall Model.

Version Control

Version Control

Tools and techniques for keeping track of the changes in files in a reversible way. More importantly, it helps people cooperate on changes to a file without ruining each others' work.

Issue

Request for a specific change to software, either to fix a bug or provide new features ("enhancement"). Issues are usually filed in a project's `bug tracker`_.

Bug report

A category of issue for notifying the programmers of a bug

Repository

A record on disk of the version control history for a directory (and its subdirectories). Usually we mean someplace on line, usually at a service like github_.

Repo

Abbreviation for repository.

Branch

A parallel version of a repository, generally used for making and testing changes to a code base in a safe, non-destructive way.

Fork

To copy over source code from a project and start independent work on it, usually because of different perspectives on how the program should be developed. A project that started this way, by basing itself over another project's source, is called a fork. (i. e. Pale Moon is a fork of Mozilla Firefox)

Pull Request

After you have fork_ed a repository and made changes, you may ask the original repository owner to incorporate ("pull") your changes into the original repository.

Git

The most popular program for version control.

Mercurial

Another version control program

Github

The most popular commercial service that hosts version control repositories online.

Bitbucket

Another commercial service for hosting version control repositories.

Testing

Testing

To programmers, them means scripts that verify that a program works as desired automatically. We rarely talk about non-automated, direct human testing, because it's soul-sucking and can't keep up with our speed of generating bugs.

Regression test

Tests to make sure that one part of a program doesn't get worse - regress - as improvements aren't made to a different part. All of our tests could generally be considered regression tests.

Unit Test

A fine-scale test that works directly on one small piece of a program, at a scale finer than the end-user will directly see. Contrast functional test.

Functional test

A test that makes sure a program is working from the user's point of view. Contrast unit test.

Test-Driven Development

A style of development where you first write the tests saying what you want the program to do - even before the program exists. Then you write the code until the tests no longer fail.

Corner Case

A situation that's likely to show bugs in code because it's so unusual that the developers were unlikely to account for it. For instance, if you are classifying cats by their eye color, a cat with two different-color eyes may be a corner case that disrupts your classification scheme.

Packaging

PyPI

PyPI, pronounced "Pie-Pee-Eye" and also known as The Cheeseshop, is the "Python Packaging Index". It is where you can publish and download open source Python packages.

pip

pip is the recommended tool for installing Python packages and is preferred over easy_install.

Architecture

API

Shorthand for "application programmer interface". This is the way that other programs can make use of this program. Web services can have APIs that let them accept messages from other programs and send messages back in response.

Examples include POSIX (the unix/Linux API), Win32, Cocoa, Amazon AWS, and Android. However, many other services have APIs to add things like (for instance) Dropbox and Facebook to your app.

TODO: generalize this more

Operations

Operations

Activities related to deploy_ing software and keeping it running on its destination servers.

DevOps

Philosophy and tools for operations that try to make the process as automatic and failsafe as possible by imitating software developers' tools and techniques.

Deploy

To deliver a completed program so that other people can use it. Ususually different than just programming it so that it works. Sometimes, a program needs to be installed in a package, or through an App Store, or maybe it just needs to be on the web. That last step to make it so that other people can reach it is called "deployment"

Build

TODO

Build Server

TODO

Continuous Integration

TODO

Web

HTML

Markup language used by default by most of the Web. Has tags for various kinds of elements, graphical or not. Stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

CSS

Descriptive language to style markup elements. Usually used with HTML to style its various tags. Stands for Cascading Style Sheet

More words to define

GIL

TODO

PEP

TODO

PEP 8

TODO

program

TODO

script

TODO

scripting language

TODO

regex

TODO

pickle

TODO

socket

TODO

thread

TODO

virtualenv

TODO

kit

TODO

hash

TODO

commit

TODO

branch

TODO

polymorphism

TODO

inheritance

TODO

bytecode

TODO

serialize

TODO

JSON

TODO

YAML

TODO

XML

TODO

dependency injection

TODO

repr

TODO

queue

TODO

event

TODO

message

TODO

GUI

TODO

command line

TODO

loop

TODO

list comprehension

TODO

lambda

TODO

closure

TODO

generator

TODO

coroutine

TODO

blocking

TODO

lock

TODO

mutex

TODO

semaphore

TODO

signal

TODO

bit

TODO

callable

TODO

namespace

TODO

file object

TODO

query

TODO

cron

TODO

constant

TODO

C API

TODO

utf-8

TODO

ascii

TODO

encoding

TODO

code point

TODO

source

TODO

NLTK

TODO

MVC

TODO

file extension

TODO

functional programming

TODO

higher-order function

TODO

first-class value

TODO

indentation

TODO

SQL injection

TODO

decorator

TODO

code object

TODO

frame

TODO

traceback

TODO

statement

TODO

standard library

TODO

IDLE

TODO

twisted

TODO

django

TODO

flask

TODO

requests

TODO

scipy

TODO

numpy

TODO

pandas

TODO

matplotlib

TODO

ipython

TODO

jupyter

TODO

setup.py

TODO

mutable

TODO

immutable

TODO

unicode

TODO

byte

TODO

byte string

TODO

array

TODO

CPython

TODO

PyPy

TODO

Jython

TODO

Cython

TODO

ctypes

TODO

cffi

TODO

compile

TODO

interpret

TODO

syntax

TODO

integration test

TODO

load test

TODO

performance test

TODO

acceptance test

TODO

mock

TODO

stub

TODO

fake

TODO

test double

TODO

coverage

TODO

alpha

TODO

beta

TODO

release candidate

TODO

semantic versioning

TODO

sphinx

TODO

ReST

TODO

rst

TODO

documentation

TODO

docstring

TODO

doctest

TODO

concatenation

TODO

slice

TODO

index

TODO

item

TODO

property

TODO

descriptor

TODO

metaclass

TODO

emacs

TODO

vim

TODO

pycharm

TODO

sublime

TODO

exception

TODO

catch

TODO

raise

TODO

error

TODO

CSV

TODO

server

TODO

client

TODO

protocol

TODO

network

TODO

import

TODO

synchronous

TODO

asynchronous

TODO

type

TODO

type checking

TODO

duck typing

TODO

DSL

TODO

subclass

TODO

superclass

TODO

mixin

TODO

multiple inheritance

TODO

interface

TODO

abstract class

TODO

static method

TODO

operating system

TODO

Windows

TODO

Linux

TODO

Ubuntu

TODO

pastebin

TODO

IRC

TODO

operator

TODO

operation

TODO

object-oriented

TODO

use case

TODO

requirements

TODO

recursion

TODO

iteration

TODO

garbage collection

TODO

memory management

TODO

reference

TODO

c extension

TODO

factory

TODO

portable

TODO

pythonic

TODO

singleton

TODO