mudserver.py

__filename__ = "mudserver.py"
__author__ = "Mark Frimston"
__credits__ = ["Bartek Radwanski", "Mark Frimston"]
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "0.7.1"
__maintainer__ = "Bartek Radwanski"
__email__ = "bartek.radwanski@gmail.com"
__status__ = "Stable"

"""Basic MUD server module for creating text-based Multi-User Dungeon
(MUD) games.

Contains one class, MudServer, which can be instantiated to start a
server running then used to send and receive messages from players.

author: Mark Frimston - mfrimston@gmail.com
"""


import socket
import select
import time
import sys
from cmsg import cmsg
import configparser

class MudServer(object):
	"""A basic server for text-based Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) games.

	Once created, the server will listen for players connecting using
	Telnet. Messages can then be sent to and from multiple connected
	players.

	The 'update' method should be called in a loop to keep the server
	running.
	"""

	# An inner class which is instantiated for each connected client to store
	# info about them

	class _Client(object):
		"""Holds information about a connected player"""

		# the socket object used to communicate with this client
		socket = None
		# the ip address of this client
		address = ""
		# holds data send from the client until a full message is received
		buffer = ""
		# the last time we checked if the client was still connected
		lastcheck = 0

		def __init__(self, socket, address, buffer, lastcheck):
			self.socket = socket
			self.address = address
			self.buffer = buffer
			self.lastcheck = lastcheck

	# Used to store different types of occurences
	_EVENT_NEW_PLAYER = 1
	_EVENT_PLAYER_LEFT = 2
	_EVENT_COMMAND = 3

	# Different states we can be in while reading data from client
	# See _process_sent_data function
	_READ_STATE_NORMAL = 1
	_READ_STATE_COMMAND = 2
	_READ_STATE_SUBNEG = 3

	# Command codes used by Telnet protocol
	# See _process_sent_data function
	_TN_INTERPRET_AS_COMMAND = 255
	_TN_ARE_YOU_THERE = 246
	_TN_WILL = 251
	_TN_WONT = 252
	_TN_DO = 253
	_TN_DONT = 254
	_TN_SUBNEGOTIATION_START = 250
	_TN_SUBNEGOTIATION_END = 240

	# socket used to listen for new clients
	_listen_socket = None
	# holds info on clients. Maps client id to _Client object
	_clients = {}
	# counter for assigning each client a new id
	_nextid = 0
	# list of occurences waiting to be handled by the code
	_events = []
	# list of newly-added occurences
	_new_events = []

	def __init__(self):
		"""Constructs the MudServer object and starts listening for
		new players.
		"""

		self._clients = {}
		self._nextid = 0
		self._events = []
		self._new_events = []

		# load the configuration file
		Config = configparser.ConfigParser()
		Config.read('config.ini')
		# example of config file usage
		# print(str(Config.get('Database', 'Hostname')))

		# create a new tcp socket which will be used to listen for new clients
		self._listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

		# set a special option on the socket which allows the port to be
		# immediately without having to wait
		self._listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR,
									   1)

		# bind the socket to an ip address and port. Port 23 is the standard
		# telnet port which telnet clients will use, however on some platforms
		# this requires root permissions, so we use a higher arbitrary port
		# number instead: 1234. Address 0.0.0.0 means that we will bind to all
		# of the available network interfaces
		#print(str(Config.get('System', 'ServerPort')))
		self._listen_socket.bind(("0.0.0.0", int(Config.get('System', 'ServerPort'))))

		# set to non-blocking mode. This means that when we call 'accept', it
		# will return immediately without waiting for a connection
		self._listen_socket.setblocking(False)

		# start listening for connections on the socket
		self._listen_socket.listen(1)

	def update(self):
		"""Checks for new players, disconnected players, and new
		messages sent from players. This method must be called before
		up-to-date info can be obtained from the 'get_new_players',
		'get_disconnected_players' and 'get_commands' methods.
		It should be called in a loop to keep the game running.
		"""

		# check for new stuff
		self._check_for_new_connections()
		self._check_for_disconnected()
		self._check_for_messages()

		# move the new events into the main events list so that they can be
		# obtained with 'get_new_players', 'get_disconnected_players' and
		# 'get_commands'. The previous events are discarded
		self._events = list(self._new_events)
		self._new_events = []

	def get_new_players(self):
		"""Returns a list containing info on any new players that have
		entered the game since the last call to 'update'. Each item in
		the list is a player id number.
		"""
		retval = []
		# go through all the events in the main list
		for ev in self._events:
			# if the event is a new player occurence, add the info to the list
			if ev[0] == self._EVENT_NEW_PLAYER:
				retval.append(ev[1])
		# return the info list
		return retval

	def get_disconnected_players(self):
		"""Returns a list containing info on any players that have left
		the game since the last call to 'update'. Each item in the list
		is a player id number.
		"""
		retval = []
		# go through all the events in the main list
		for ev in self._events:
			# if the event is a player disconnect occurence, add the info to
			# the list
			if ev[0] == self._EVENT_PLAYER_LEFT:
				retval.append(ev[1])
		# return the info list
		return retval

	def get_commands(self):
		"""Returns a list containing any commands sent from players
		since the last call to 'update'. Each item in the list is a
		3-tuple containing the id number of the sending player, a
		string containing the command (i.e. the first word of what
		they typed), and another string containing the text after the
		command
		"""
		retval = []
		# go through all the events in the main list
		for ev in self._events:
			# if the event is a command occurence, add the info to the list
			if ev[0] == self._EVENT_COMMAND:
				retval.append((ev[1], ev[2], ev[3]))
		# return the info list
		return retval

	def send_message(self, to, message):
		"""Sends the text in the 'message' parameter to the player with
		the id number given in the 'to' parameter. The text will be
		printed out in the player's terminal.
		"""
		# we make sure to put a newline on the end so the client receives the
		# message on its own line
		# print("sending...")
		# self._attempt_send(to, cmsg(message)+"\n\r")
		self._attempt_send(to, "\n" + cmsg(message))

	def shutdown(self):
		"""Closes down the server, disconnecting all clients and
		closing the listen socket.
		"""
		# for each client
		for cl in self._clients.values():
			# close the socket, disconnecting the client
			cl.socket.shutdown()
			cl.socket.close()
		# stop listening for new clients
		self._listen_socket.close()

	def _attempt_send(self, clid, data):
		# python 2/3 compatability fix - convert non-unicode string to unicode
		if sys.version < '3' and type(data) != unicode:
			data = unicode(data, "latin1")
		try:
			# look up the client in the client map and use 'sendall' to send
			# the message string on the socket. 'sendall' ensures that all of
			# the data is sent in one go
			self._clients[clid].socket.sendall(bytearray(data, "latin1"))
		# KeyError will be raised if there is no client with the given id in
		# the map
		except KeyError:
			pass
		# If there is a connection problem with the client (e.g. they have
		# disconnected) a socket error will be raised
		except socket.error:
			self._handle_disconnect(clid)

	def _check_for_new_connections(self):

		# 'select' is used to check whether there is data waiting to be read
		# from the socket. We pass in 3 lists of sockets, the first being those
		# to check for readability. It returns 3 lists, the first being
		# the sockets that are readable. The last parameter is how long to wait
		# - we pass in 0 so that it returns immediately without waiting
		rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select([self._listen_socket], [], [], 0)

		# if the socket wasn't in the readable list, there's no data available,
		# meaning no clients waiting to connect, and so we can exit the method
		# here
		if self._listen_socket not in rlist:
			return

		# 'accept' returns a new socket and address info which can be used to
		# communicate with the new client
		joined_socket, addr = self._listen_socket.accept()

		# set non-blocking mode on the new socket. This means that 'send' and
		# 'recv' will return immediately without waiting
		joined_socket.setblocking(False)

		# construct a new _Client object to hold info about the newly connected
		# client. Use 'nextid' as the new client's id number
		self._clients[self._nextid] = MudServer._Client(joined_socket, addr[0],
														"", time.time())

		# add a new player occurence to the new events list with the player's
		# id number
		self._new_events.append((self._EVENT_NEW_PLAYER, self._nextid))

		# add 1 to 'nextid' so that the next client to connect will get a
		# unique id number
		self._nextid += 1

	def _check_for_disconnected(self):

		# go through all the clients
		for id, cl in list(self._clients.items()):

			# if we last checked the client less than 5 seconds ago, skip this
			# client and move on to the next one
			if time.time() - cl.lastcheck < 5.0:
				continue

			# send the client an invisible character. It doesn't actually
			# matter what we send, we're really just checking that data can
			# still be written to the socket. If it can't, an error will be
			# raised and we'll know that the client has disconnected.
			# self._attempt_send(id, "\x00")
			self._attempt_send(id, " ")

			# update the last check time
			cl.lastcheck = time.time()

	def _check_for_messages(self):

		# go through all the clients
		for id, cl in list(self._clients.items()):

			# we use 'select' to test whether there is data waiting to be read
			# from the client socket. The function takes 3 lists of sockets,
			# the first being those to test for readability. It returns 3 list
			# of sockets, the first being those that are actually readable.
			rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select([cl.socket], [], [], 0)

			# if the client socket wasn't in the readable list, there is no
			# new data from the client - we can skip it and move on to the next
			# one
			if cl.socket not in rlist:
				continue

			try:
				# read data from the socket, using a max length of 4096
				data = cl.socket.recv(4096).decode("latin1")

				# process the data, stripping out any special Telnet commands
				message = self._process_sent_data(cl, data)

				# if there was a message in the data
				if message:

					# remove any spaces, tabs etc from the start and end of
					# the message
					message = message.strip()

					# separate the message into the command (the first word)
					# and its parameters (the rest of the message)
					command, params = (message.split(" ", 1) + ["", ""])[:2]

					# add a command occurence to the new events list with the
					# player's id number, the command and its parameters
					# self._new_events.append((self._EVENT_COMMAND, id,
											 # command.lower(), params))
					self._new_events.append((self._EVENT_COMMAND, id,
											 command, params))
					
			# if there is a problem reading from the socket (e.g. the client
			# has disconnected) a socket error will be raised
			except socket.error:
				self._handle_disconnect(id)

	def _handle_disconnect(self, clid):

		# remove the client from the clients map
		del(self._clients[clid])

		# add a 'player left' occurence to the new events list, with the
		# player's id number
		self._new_events.append((self._EVENT_PLAYER_LEFT, clid))

	def _process_sent_data(self, client, data):

		# the Telnet protocol allows special command codes to be inserted into
		# messages. For our very simple server we don't need to response to
		# any of these codes, but we must at least detect and skip over them
		# so that we don't interpret them as text data.
		# More info on the Telnet protocol can be found here:
		# http://pcmicro.com/netfoss/telnet.html

		# start with no message and in the normal state
		message = None
		state = self._READ_STATE_NORMAL

		# go through the data a character at a time
		for c in data:

			# handle the character differently depending on the state we're in:

			# normal state
			if state == self._READ_STATE_NORMAL:

				# if we received the special 'interpret as command' code,
				# switch to 'command' state so that we handle the next
				# character as a command code and not as regular text data
				if ord(c) == self._TN_INTERPRET_AS_COMMAND:
					state = self._READ_STATE_COMMAND

				# if we get a newline character, this is the end of the
				# message. Set 'message' to the contents of the buffer and
				# clear the buffer
				elif c == "\n":
					message = client.buffer
					client.buffer = ""

				# some telnet clients send the characters as soon as the user
				# types them. So if we get a backspace character, this is where
				# the user has deleted a character and we should delete the
				# last character from the buffer.
				elif c == "\x08":
					client.buffer = client.buffer[:-1]

				# otherwise it's just a regular character - add it to the
				# buffer where we're building up the received message
				else:
					client.buffer += c

			# command state
			elif state == self._READ_STATE_COMMAND:

				# the special 'start of subnegotiation' command code indicates
				# that the following characters are a list of options until
				# we're told otherwise. We switch into 'subnegotiation' state
				# to handle this
				if ord(c) == self._TN_SUBNEGOTIATION_START:
					state = self._READ_STATE_SUBNEG

				# if the command code is one of the 'will', 'wont', 'do' or
				# 'dont' commands, the following character will be an option
				# code so we must remain in the 'command' state
				elif ord(c) in (self._TN_WILL, self._TN_WONT, self._TN_DO,
								self._TN_DONT):
					state = self._READ_STATE_COMMAND

				# for all other command codes, there is no accompanying data so
				# we can return to 'normal' state.
				else:
					state = self._READ_STATE_NORMAL

			# subnegotiation state
			elif state == self._READ_STATE_SUBNEG:

				# if we reach an 'end of subnegotiation' command, this ends the
				# list of options and we can return to 'normal' state.
				# Otherwise we must remain in this state
				if ord(c) == self._TN_SUBNEGOTIATION_END:
					state = self._READ_STATE_NORMAL

		# return the contents of 'message' which is either a string or None
		return message