diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6d91964..28d0b95 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -106,13 +106,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "derive-with",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "lazy_static",
- "petgraph",
  "sqlparser",
  "tempfile",
  "thiserror",
  "tracing",
- "tracing-chrome",
- "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -345,12 +342,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fixedbitset"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ce7134b9999ecaf8bcd65542e436736ef32ddca1b3e06094cb6ec5755203b80"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fs-err"
 version = "2.11.0"
@@ -465,12 +456,6 @@ version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -498,16 +483,6 @@ version = "2.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a3a5bfb195931eeb336b2a7b4d761daec841b97f947d34394601737a7bba5e4"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "indexmap"
-version = "1.9.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "hashbrown",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.10.5"
@@ -716,16 +691,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "petgraph"
-version = "0.6.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4dd7d28ee937e54fe3080c91faa1c3a46c06de6252988a7f4592ba2310ef22a4"
-dependencies = [
- "fixedbitset",
- "indexmap",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project-lite"
 version = "0.2.13"
diff --git a/bustubx-cli/src/main.rs b/bustubx-cli/src/main.rs
index 573040f..4e026ea 100644
--- a/bustubx-cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/bustubx-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use bustubx::Database;
+use bustubx::{pretty_format_tuples, BustubxResult, Database};
 use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
 use rustyline::{DefaultEditor, Result};
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -35,7 +35,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
                     println!("bye!");
                     break;
                 }
-                let _ = db.run(&line);
+                let result = db.run(&line);
+                match result {
+                    Ok(tuples) => {
+                        if !tuples.is_empty() {
+                            println!("{}", pretty_format_tuples(&tuples))
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => println!("{}", e),
+                }
             }
             Err(ReadlineError::Interrupted) => {
                 println!("CTRL-C");
diff --git a/bustubx/Cargo.toml b/bustubx/Cargo.toml
index e53556c..59e309c 100644
--- a/bustubx/Cargo.toml
+++ b/bustubx/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,14 +13,11 @@ doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
 sqlparser = "0.34.0"
-petgraph = "0.6.3"
 lazy_static = "1.4.0"
 itertools = "0.11.0"
 comfy-table = "7.0.1"
 derive-new = "0.5.9"
 tracing = "0.1"
-tracing-subscriber = "0.3"
-tracing-chrome = "0.7.1"
 thiserror = "1.0.56"
 tempfile = "3"
 derive-with = "0.5.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bustubx/src/buffer/mod.rs b/bustubx/src/buffer/mod.rs
index fd498b2..d8e6266 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/buffer/mod.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/buffer/mod.rs
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ mod page;
 mod replacer;
 
 pub use buffer_pool::BufferPoolManager;
-pub use page::{Page, PageId};
+pub use page::{Page, PageId, INVALID_PAGE_ID};
diff --git a/bustubx/src/buffer/page.rs b/bustubx/src/buffer/page.rs
index 2d0e4ed..1b39021 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/buffer/page.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/buffer/page.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::common::config::BUSTUBX_PAGE_SIZE;
 
 pub type PageId = u32;
+pub const INVALID_PAGE_ID: PageId = u32::MAX;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Page {
diff --git a/bustubx/src/common/config.rs b/bustubx/src/common/config.rs
index bf6f996..d29c838 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/common/config.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/common/config.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 use crate::buffer::PageId;
+use crate::catalog::{Column, DataType, Schema, SchemaRef};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 // 数据页的大小（字节）
 pub const BUSTUBX_PAGE_SIZE: usize = 4096;
-pub const INVALID_PAGE_ID: PageId = std::u32::MAX;
 
 // table heap对应的缓冲池的大小（页）
 pub const TABLE_HEAP_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE: usize = 100;
 
 pub type TransactionId = u32;
+
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF: SchemaRef = Arc::new(Schema::empty());
+
+    pub static ref INSERT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA_REF: SchemaRef = Arc::new(Schema::new(
+        vec![Column::new("insert_rows".to_string(), DataType::Int32)]
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/bustubx/src/common/mod.rs b/bustubx/src/common/mod.rs
index 754cd60..50144ea 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 pub mod config;
 pub mod rid;
 mod scalar;
-pub mod table_ref;
+mod table_ref;
 pub mod util;
 
 pub use scalar::ScalarValue;
+pub use table_ref::TableReference;
diff --git a/bustubx/src/common/util.rs b/bustubx/src/common/util.rs
index b1ad637..fc8f574 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/common/util.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/common/util.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,30 @@
 use comfy_table::Cell;
 
-use crate::{catalog::Schema, storage::Tuple};
+use crate::storage::Tuple;
+
+pub fn pretty_format_tuples(tuples: &Vec<Tuple>) -> comfy_table::Table {
+    let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
+    table.load_preset("||--+-++|    ++++++");
 
-pub fn print_tuples(tuples: &Vec<Tuple>, schema: &Schema) {
     if tuples.is_empty() {
-        return;
+        return table;
     }
-    let mut headers = Vec::new();
-    for column in &schema.columns {
-        headers.push(Cell::new(column.name.clone()));
+
+    let schema = &tuples[0].schema;
+
+    let mut header = Vec::new();
+    for column in schema.columns.iter() {
+        header.push(Cell::new(column.name.clone()));
     }
-    let mut table = comfy_table::Table::new();
-    table.set_header(headers);
+    table.set_header(header);
 
     for tuple in tuples {
-        let mut row = Vec::new();
-        tuple.all_values(schema).iter().for_each(|v| {
-            row.push(Cell::new(format!("{v:?}")));
-        });
-        table.add_row(row);
+        let mut cells = Vec::new();
+        for value in tuple.data.iter() {
+            cells.push(Cell::new(format!("{value}")));
+        }
+        table.add_row(cells);
     }
 
-    println!("{}", table);
+    table
 }
diff --git a/bustubx/src/database.rs b/bustubx/src/database.rs
index 1736bbd..49effb5 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/database.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/database.rs
@@ -51,18 +51,18 @@ impl Database {
 
     pub fn run(&mut self, sql: &str) -> BustubxResult<Vec<Tuple>> {
         let logical_plan = self.build_logical_plan(sql)?;
-        println!("{:?}", logical_plan);
+        // println!("{:?}", logical_plan);
 
         // logical plan -> physical plan
         let physical_plan = PhysicalPlanner::new().create_physical_plan(logical_plan);
-        println!("{:?}", physical_plan);
+        // println!("{:?}", physical_plan);
 
         let execution_ctx = ExecutionContext::new(&mut self.catalog);
         let mut execution_engine = ExecutionEngine {
             context: execution_ctx,
         };
         let tuples = execution_engine.execute(Arc::new(physical_plan))?;
-        println!("execution result: {:?}", tuples);
+        // println!("execution result: {:?}", tuples);
         Ok(tuples)
     }
 
diff --git a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_index.rs b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_index.rs
index 4ec9a16..e02b5ef 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_index.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_index.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::config::EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::planner::logical_plan::OrderByExpr;
 use crate::{
     catalog::Schema,
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ impl VolcanoExecutor for PhysicalCreateIndex {
         Ok(None)
     }
     fn output_schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
-        Arc::new(Schema::empty())
+        EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF.clone()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_table.rs b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_table.rs
index 79478e0..48b7d78 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_table.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/create_table.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::{
     catalog::Schema,
     execution::{ExecutionContext, VolcanoExecutor},
diff --git a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/insert.rs b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/insert.rs
index 48469b3..61e8f77 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/insert.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/insert.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicU32, Arc};
+use tracing::debug;
 
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::config::INSERT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA_REF;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::{
     catalog::{Column, DataType, Schema},
     common::ScalarValue,
@@ -39,27 +41,28 @@ impl PhysicalInsert {
 }
 impl VolcanoExecutor for PhysicalInsert {
     fn init(&self, context: &mut ExecutionContext) -> BustubxResult<()> {
-        println!("init insert executor");
+        debug!("init insert executor");
+        self.input.init(context)?;
         self.insert_rows
             .store(0, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
-        self.input.init(context)
+        Ok(())
     }
     fn next(&self, context: &mut ExecutionContext) -> BustubxResult<Option<Tuple>> {
         loop {
             let next_tuple = self.input.next(context)?;
             if next_tuple.is_none() {
                 // only return insert_rows when input exhausted
-                if self.insert_rows.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) == 0 {
-                    return Ok(None);
+                return if self.insert_rows.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) == 0 {
+                    Ok(None)
                 } else {
                     let insert_rows = self.insert_rows.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
                     self.insert_rows
                         .store(0, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
-                    return Ok(Some(Tuple::new(
+                    Ok(Some(Tuple::new(
                         self.output_schema(),
                         vec![ScalarValue::Int32(Some(insert_rows as i32))],
-                    )));
-                }
+                    )))
+                };
             }
             let tuple = next_tuple.unwrap();
 
@@ -93,10 +96,7 @@ impl VolcanoExecutor for PhysicalInsert {
     }
 
     fn output_schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
-        Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Column::new(
-            "insert_rows".to_string(),
-            DataType::Int32,
-        )]))
+        INSERT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA_REF.clone()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/seq_scan.rs b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/seq_scan.rs
index 0239c10..206688a 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/seq_scan.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/execution/physical_plan/seq_scan.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::{
     execution::{ExecutionContext, VolcanoExecutor},
     storage::{TableIterator, Tuple},
diff --git a/bustubx/src/expression/column.rs b/bustubx/src/expression/column.rs
index f00ea90..346920b 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/expression/column.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/expression/column.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::catalog::Schema;
 use crate::catalog::{Column, DataType};
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
 use crate::common::ScalarValue;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::error::{BustubxError, BustubxResult};
 use crate::expression::ExprTrait;
 use crate::storage::Tuple;
diff --git a/bustubx/src/lib.rs b/bustubx/src/lib.rs
index ddb52b7..624b1f4 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/lib.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod parser;
 mod planner;
 mod storage;
 
+pub use common::util::pretty_format_tuples;
 pub use database::Database;
 pub use error::{BustubxError, BustubxResult};
 pub use storage::Tuple;
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_index.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_index.rs
index a9d8a54..c02b482 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_index.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_index.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::planner::logical_plan::OrderByExpr;
 
 #[derive(derive_new::new, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_table.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_table.rs
index 2f6b265..aad37d8 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_table.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/create_table.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::catalog::Column;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct CreateTable {
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/insert.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/insert.rs
index 1f87d02..2226264 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/insert.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/insert.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::planner::logical_plan::LogicalPlan;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/mod.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/mod.rs
index 681e829..7168fcc 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/mod.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ mod util;
 mod values;
 
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
+use crate::common::config::{EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF, INSERT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA_REF};
 pub use create_index::CreateIndex;
 pub use create_table::CreateTable;
 pub use empty_relation::EmptyRelation;
@@ -43,10 +44,10 @@ pub enum LogicalPlan {
 impl LogicalPlan {
     pub fn schema(&self) -> &SchemaRef {
         match self {
-            LogicalPlan::CreateTable(_) => todo!(),
-            LogicalPlan::CreateIndex(_) => todo!(),
+            LogicalPlan::CreateTable(_) => &EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF,
+            LogicalPlan::CreateIndex(_) => &EMPTY_SCHEMA_REF,
             LogicalPlan::Filter(Filter { input, .. }) => input.schema(),
-            LogicalPlan::Insert(_) => todo!(),
+            LogicalPlan::Insert(_) => &INSERT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA_REF,
             LogicalPlan::Join(Join { schema, .. }) => schema,
             LogicalPlan::Limit(Limit { input, .. }) => input.schema(),
             LogicalPlan::Project(Project { schema, .. }) => schema,
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/table_scan.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/table_scan.rs
index bd13444..a2edb63 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/table_scan.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_plan/table_scan.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::expression::Expr;
 
 #[derive(derive_new::new, Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/bind_expr.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/bind_expr.rs
index 8e4151d..df3fdaf 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/bind_expr.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/bind_expr.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::expression::{BinaryExpr, ColumnExpr, Expr, Literal};
 use crate::planner::LogicalPlanner;
 use crate::{BustubxError, BustubxResult};
diff --git a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/logical_planner.rs b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/logical_planner.rs
index e238f7d..20bb0d2 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/logical_planner.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/planner/logical_planner/logical_planner.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{BustubxError, BustubxResult};
 
 use crate::catalog::Catalog;
-use crate::common::table_ref::TableReference;
+use crate::common::TableReference;
 use crate::planner::logical_plan::{LogicalPlan, OrderByExpr};
 
 pub struct PlannerContext<'a> {
diff --git a/bustubx/src/storage/index.rs b/bustubx/src/storage/index.rs
index 1a477b8..60545e3 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/storage/index.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/storage/index.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::buffer::PageId;
+use crate::buffer::{PageId, INVALID_PAGE_ID};
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
 use crate::{
     buffer::BufferPoolManager,
     catalog::Schema,
-    common::{config::INVALID_PAGE_ID, rid::Rid},
+    common::rid::Rid,
     storage::index_page::{BPlusTreeInternalPage, BPlusTreeLeafPage, BPlusTreePage},
 };
 
diff --git a/bustubx/src/storage/index_page.rs b/bustubx/src/storage/index_page.rs
index 594d14e..b7f2ffe 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/storage/index_page.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/storage/index_page.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 use std::mem::size_of;
 
 use super::Tuple;
-use crate::buffer::PageId;
+use crate::buffer::{PageId, INVALID_PAGE_ID};
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
 use crate::{
     catalog::Schema,
-    common::{
-        config::{BUSTUBX_PAGE_SIZE, INVALID_PAGE_ID},
-        rid::Rid,
-    },
+    common::{config::BUSTUBX_PAGE_SIZE, rid::Rid},
 };
 
 pub const INTERNAL_PAGE_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 4 + 4 + 4;
diff --git a/bustubx/src/storage/table_heap.rs b/bustubx/src/storage/table_heap.rs
index 223b092..bb790d0 100644
--- a/bustubx/src/storage/table_heap.rs
+++ b/bustubx/src/storage/table_heap.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use crate::buffer::PageId;
+use crate::buffer::{PageId, INVALID_PAGE_ID};
 use crate::catalog::SchemaRef;
-use crate::{
-    buffer::BufferPoolManager,
-    common::{config::INVALID_PAGE_ID, rid::Rid},
-};
+use crate::{buffer::BufferPoolManager, common::rid::Rid};
 
 use super::{
     table_page::TablePage,