From ed6c118484a45489aa502495f5c211188060f285 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 02:53:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via `{sandpaper}`
Source  : 0637a164eb3e7a4a7df94907ce8cda87c932b1e6
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2024-11-05 02:52:57 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via `{sandpaper}`
Source  : 47f0404b255089afdb5a44b394b087d8a04afb24
Branch  : main
Author  : Naupaka Zimmerman <naupaka@gmail.com>
Time    : 2024-11-05 02:48:39 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #905 from swcarpentry/update/packages

Update 14 packages
---
 01-rstudio-intro.html                    |  6 +-
 02-project-intro.html                    |  6 +-
 03-seeking-help.html                     | 14 ++--
 04-data-structures-part1.html            | 34 ++++-----
 05-data-structures-part2.html            |  4 +-
 06-data-subsetting.html                  |  4 +-
 07-control-flow.html                     |  4 +-
 08-plot-ggplot2.html                     | 16 ++--
 09-vectorization.html                    |  4 +-
 10-functions.html                        |  4 +-
 11-writing-data.html                     |  4 +-
 12-dplyr.html                            |  4 +-
 13-tidyr.html                            |  4 +-
 14-knitr-markdown.html                   | 12 +--
 15-wrap-up.html                          |  4 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html                     |  4 +-
 LICENSE.html                             |  4 +-
 aio.html                                 | 94 ++++++++++++------------
 discuss.html                             |  4 +-
 instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html         |  6 +-
 instructor/02-project-intro.html         |  6 +-
 instructor/03-seeking-help.html          | 14 ++--
 instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html | 34 ++++-----
 instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html |  4 +-
 instructor/06-data-subsetting.html       |  4 +-
 instructor/07-control-flow.html          |  4 +-
 instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html          | 16 ++--
 instructor/09-vectorization.html         |  4 +-
 instructor/10-functions.html             |  4 +-
 instructor/11-writing-data.html          |  4 +-
 instructor/12-dplyr.html                 |  4 +-
 instructor/13-tidyr.html                 |  4 +-
 instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html        | 12 +--
 instructor/15-wrap-up.html               |  4 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html          |  4 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html                  |  4 +-
 instructor/aio.html                      | 94 ++++++++++++------------
 instructor/discuss.html                  |  4 +-
 instructor/reference.html                |  4 +-
 md5sum.txt                               | 50 ++++++-------
 pkgdown.yml                              |  2 +-
 reference.html                           |  4 +-
 42 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 260 deletions(-)

diff --git a/01-rstudio-intro.html b/01-rstudio-intro.html
index 1f9be1ef1..bbc88a3f4 100644
--- a/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x55a7b6ed0d80&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5595a5fd3d80&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/02-project-intro.html b/02-project-intro.html
index d8ebf4598..4daae6104 100644
--- a/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/02-project-intro.html
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Project Management With RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Oct  3 05:23 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Nov  5 02:52 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/03-seeking-help.html b/03-seeking-help.html
index 4e9670da4..a772a9413 100644
--- a/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Seeking Help</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -604,8 +604,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
-[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.47
-[6] renv_1.0.9     evaluate_1.0.0</code></pre>
+[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.49
+[6] renv_1.0.11    evaluate_1.0.1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>c()</code> function creates a vector, in which all elements
 are of the same type. In the first case, the elements are numeric, in
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To look at the help for the <code>paste()</code> function, use:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The standard R function for reading tab-delimited files with a period
 decimal separator is read.delim(). You can also do this with
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/04-data-structures-part1.html b/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 06d9506cb..d72fc94e6 100644
--- a/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Structures</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1710,7 +1710,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2158,7 +2158,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2203,7 +2203,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2244,7 +2244,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2295,7 +2295,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2393,7 +2393,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/05-data-structures-part2.html b/05-data-structures-part2.html
index b24ec9c5d..801b46130 100644
--- a/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring Data Frames</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/06-data-subsetting.html b/06-data-subsetting.html
index 549e8b6a4..7712df531 100644
--- a/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Subsetting Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1980,7 +1980,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/07-control-flow.html b/07-control-flow.html
index dcd77fa79..453306600 100644
--- a/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/07-control-flow.html
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Control Flow</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index bdb56db8c..118658bd3 100644
--- a/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/09-vectorization.html b/09-vectorization.html
index adf7bf82b..b15d398ca 100644
--- a/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/09-vectorization.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Vectorization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/10-functions.html b/10-functions.html
index 1fd6b6763..4e81913ba 100644
--- a/10-functions.html
+++ b/10-functions.html
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Functions Explained</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/11-writing-data.html b/11-writing-data.html
index 4046e90db..fb05f36cb 100644
--- a/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/11-writing-data.html
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/12-dplyr.html b/12-dplyr.html
index 91aff24ce..9c7abc233 100644
--- a/12-dplyr.html
+++ b/12-dplyr.html
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-dplyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/13-tidyr.html b/13-tidyr.html
index 9abf0f080..b8a571c70 100644
--- a/13-tidyr.html
+++ b/13-tidyr.html
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13-tidyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/14-knitr-markdown.html b/14-knitr-markdown.html
index dcb9d85f0..971fa64af 100644
--- a/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/14-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Producing Reports With knitr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/15-wrap-up.html b/15-wrap-up.html
index c389bc760..d5205d8da 100644
--- a/15-wrap-up.html
+++ b/15-wrap-up.html
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Good Software</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-wrap-up.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index eb2580825..bfe3bc0ac 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index 733a11620..c1eb3ef6e 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index e790fc8cd..a878a4c50 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-rstudio-intro"><p>Content from <a href="01-rstudio-intro.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x55a7b6ed0d80&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5595a5fd3d80&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-project-intro"><p>Content from <a href="02-project-intro.html">Project Management With RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1770,7 +1770,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Oct  3 05:23 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Nov  5 02:52 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -1904,7 +1904,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-seeking-help"><p>Content from <a href="03-seeking-help.html">Seeking Help</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2117,8 +2117,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
-[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.47
-[6] renv_1.0.9     evaluate_1.0.0</code></pre>
+[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.49
+[6] renv_1.0.11    evaluate_1.0.1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -2150,7 +2150,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>c()</code> function creates a vector, in which all elements
 are of the same type. In the first case, the elements are numeric, in
@@ -2180,7 +2180,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To look at the help for the <code>paste()</code> function, use:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The standard R function for reading tab-delimited files with a period
 decimal separator is read.delim(). You can also do this with
@@ -2325,7 +2325,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-data-structures-part1"><p>Content from <a href="04-data-structures-part1.html">Data Structures</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2792,7 +2792,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3057,7 +3057,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3101,7 +3101,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3116,7 +3116,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3151,7 +3151,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3384,7 +3384,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3615,7 +3615,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3661,7 +3661,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3853,7 +3853,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4114,7 +4114,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4159,7 +4159,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4202,7 +4202,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4255,7 +4255,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-data-structures-part2"><p>Content from <a href="05-data-structures-part2.html">Exploring Data Frames</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -5054,7 +5054,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-data-subsetting"><p>Content from <a href="06-data-subsetting.html">Subsetting Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -6628,7 +6628,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-control-flow"><p>Content from <a href="07-control-flow.html">Control Flow</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -7431,7 +7431,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-plot-ggplot2"><p>Content from <a href="08-plot-ggplot2.html">Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -7573,7 +7573,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7614,7 +7614,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7725,7 +7725,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7850,7 +7850,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7894,7 +7894,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -8052,7 +8052,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8091,7 +8091,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vectorization"><p>Content from <a href="09-vectorization.html">Vectorization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -8674,7 +8674,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-10-functions"><p>Content from <a href="10-functions.html">Functions Explained</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -9453,7 +9453,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-writing-data"><p>Content from <a href="11-writing-data.html">Writing Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -9700,7 +9700,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-dplyr"><p>Content from <a href="12-dplyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -10509,7 +10509,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-tidyr"><p>Content from <a href="13-tidyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -11236,7 +11236,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-knitr-markdown"><p>Content from <a href="14-knitr-markdown.html">Producing Reports With knitr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -11424,7 +11424,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -11506,7 +11506,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -11597,7 +11597,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -11647,7 +11647,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -11741,7 +11741,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-wrap-up"><p>Content from <a href="15-wrap-up.html">Writing Good Software</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
diff --git a/discuss.html b/discuss.html
index 0a5df5085..449d11ed7 100644
--- a/discuss.html
+++ b/discuss.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Discussion</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/discuss.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/discuss.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
index 3d9c401e8..987d2ef8d 100644
--- a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x55a7b6ed0d80&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5595a5fd3d80&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1483,7 +1483,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/02-project-intro.html b/instructor/02-project-intro.html
index 169b45930..20a5e2bff 100644
--- a/instructor/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/instructor/02-project-intro.html
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Project Management With RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Oct  3 05:23 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Nov  5 02:52 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/02-project-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/03-seeking-help.html b/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
index e7686ee6a..a46841f84 100644
--- a/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Seeking Help</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
-[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.47
-[6] renv_1.0.9     evaluate_1.0.0</code></pre>
+[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.49
+[6] renv_1.0.11    evaluate_1.0.1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>c()</code> function creates a vector, in which all elements
 are of the same type. In the first case, the elements are numeric, in
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To look at the help for the <code>paste()</code> function, use:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The standard R function for reading tab-delimited files with a period
 decimal separator is read.delim(). You can also do this with
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/03-seeking-help.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html b/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 43cb2f858..8edb77e78 100644
--- a/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Structures</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1712,7 +1712,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1900,7 +1900,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2160,7 +2160,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2205,7 +2205,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2246,7 +2246,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2297,7 +2297,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2395,7 +2395,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
index 1a2d2aa23..f834194b5 100644
--- a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring Data Frames</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
index 1bbe97a5e..78eeee0a9 100644
--- a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Subsetting Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1982,7 +1982,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/07-control-flow.html b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
index a7cc1bb00..14f378934 100644
--- a/instructor/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Control Flow</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-control-flow.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index dfdfb451c..13248dcb2 100644
--- a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/09-vectorization.html b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
index 4a407ccce..3aa2ec1cb 100644
--- a/instructor/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Vectorization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/09-vectorization.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/10-functions.html b/instructor/10-functions.html
index ec7322313..025972a97 100644
--- a/instructor/10-functions.html
+++ b/instructor/10-functions.html
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Functions Explained</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/10-functions.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/11-writing-data.html b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
index 9ce0f1d2e..5b8c9782b 100644
--- a/instructor/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-writing-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/12-dplyr.html b/instructor/12-dplyr.html
index 419c9e15a..783e7e282 100644
--- a/instructor/12-dplyr.html
+++ b/instructor/12-dplyr.html
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/12-dplyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/12-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/13-tidyr.html b/instructor/13-tidyr.html
index 45ab039b8..bbedb3aeb 100644
--- a/instructor/13-tidyr.html
+++ b/instructor/13-tidyr.html
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-tidyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
index 134ab5cdf..42c657184 100644
--- a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Producing Reports With knitr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/15-wrap-up.html b/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
index f784024d3..44d01abc1 100644
--- a/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
+++ b/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Good Software</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/15-wrap-up.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/15-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 69fba4647..f9f48304c 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index a7bc94bfe..9662505da 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }
 
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index 6f6ea75fa..be7724be5 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-rstudio-intro"><p>Content from <a href="01-rstudio-intro.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x55a7b6ed0d80&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5595a5fd3d80&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1532,7 +1532,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-project-intro"><p>Content from <a href="02-project-intro.html">Project Management With RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Oct  3 05:23 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Nov  5 02:52 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -1929,7 +1929,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-seeking-help"><p>Content from <a href="03-seeking-help.html">Seeking Help</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
@@ -2143,8 +2143,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
-[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.47
-[6] renv_1.0.9     evaluate_1.0.0</code></pre>
+[1] compiler_4.4.1 tools_4.4.1    yaml_2.3.10    knitr_1.48     xfun_0.49
+[6] renv_1.0.11    evaluate_1.0.1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -2176,7 +2176,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>c()</code> function creates a vector, in which all elements
 are of the same type. In the first case, the elements are numeric, in
@@ -2206,7 +2206,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To look at the help for the <code>paste()</code> function, use:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -2315,7 +2315,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The standard R function for reading tab-delimited files with a period
 decimal separator is read.delim(). You can also do this with
@@ -2351,7 +2351,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-data-structures-part1"><p>Content from <a href="04-data-structures-part1.html">Data Structures</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3050,7 +3050,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3084,7 +3084,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3128,7 +3128,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3143,7 +3143,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3178,7 +3178,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3219,7 +3219,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3411,7 +3411,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3642,7 +3642,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3688,7 +3688,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3880,7 +3880,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4141,7 +4141,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4186,7 +4186,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4229,7 +4229,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4282,7 +4282,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4326,7 +4326,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-data-structures-part2"><p>Content from <a href="05-data-structures-part2.html">Exploring Data Frames</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
@@ -5082,7 +5082,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-data-subsetting"><p>Content from <a href="06-data-subsetting.html">Subsetting Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 50 minutes</p>
@@ -6657,7 +6657,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-control-flow"><p>Content from <a href="07-control-flow.html">Control Flow</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 65 minutes</p>
@@ -7461,7 +7461,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-plot-ggplot2"><p>Content from <a href="08-plot-ggplot2.html">Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 80 minutes</p>
@@ -7604,7 +7604,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7645,7 +7645,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7756,7 +7756,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7881,7 +7881,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7925,7 +7925,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -8083,7 +8083,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8122,7 +8122,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vectorization"><p>Content from <a href="09-vectorization.html">Vectorization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
@@ -8706,7 +8706,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-10-functions"><p>Content from <a href="10-functions.html">Functions Explained</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
@@ -9486,7 +9486,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-writing-data"><p>Content from <a href="11-writing-data.html">Writing Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
@@ -9734,7 +9734,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-dplyr"><p>Content from <a href="12-dplyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -10544,7 +10544,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-tidyr"><p>Content from <a href="13-tidyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 45 minutes</p>
@@ -11272,7 +11272,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-knitr-markdown"><p>Content from <a href="14-knitr-markdown.html">Producing Reports With knitr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 75 minutes</p>
@@ -11461,7 +11461,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to Challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -11543,7 +11543,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -11634,7 +11634,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -11684,7 +11684,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -11778,7 +11778,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-wrap-up"><p>Content from <a href="15-wrap-up.html">Writing Good Software</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
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         <h1>Discussion</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/discuss.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
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index c015e3a6d..4618527ba 100644
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-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
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diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 73d5a317a..69ab5389f 100644
--- a/pkgdown.yml
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@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ pandoc: 3.1.11
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diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
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+++ b/reference.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reference</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-10-03 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-05 |
 
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/reference.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-10-03",
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-05",
   "datePublished": "2024-11-05"
 }