For JavaScript developers, it can be hard to keep up to date with the latest frameworks and libraries. It seems like every day there’s a new something.js to check out. Luckily, there is one part of the toolchain that doesn’t change as often, and that’s the build process. That said, it’s worth checking out your options every now and then.
My build process toolset has traditionally been comprised of RequireJS for dependency loading, and Grunt. They’ve worked great, but recently I was pairing with someone who prefers to use Gulp and Browserify instead. After using them on a couple of projects, I’m coming to like them quite a bit. They’re great for use with Backbone, Angular, Ember, React, and my own hand-rolled JavaScript projects.
In this post, we’ll explore how to set up a clientside JavaScript project for success using Gulp and Browserify.
For the purposes of this post, we’ll pretend we’re building an app called Car Finder, that helps you remember where you parked your car. If you want to follow along, check out the code on GitHub.
When building a full application that includes both an API server and a clientside JavaScript app, there’s a certain project structure that I’ve found often works well for me. I like to put my clientside app in a folder one level down from the root of my project, called client. This folder usually has sibling folders named server, test, public, and build. Here’s how this would look for Car Finder:
car-finder
|- build
|- client
|- less
|- public
|- javascripts
|- stylesheets
|- server
|- test
The idea is to do our app developent inside of client, then use a build task to compile the JS and copy it to the build folder, where it will be minified, uglified, and copied to public to be served by the backend.
To get up and running, we’ll need to pull in some dependencies.
Run npm init and follow the prompts.
Add browserify, gulp, and our build and testing dependencies:
npm install --save-dev gulp gulp-browserify browserify-shim gulp-jshint gulp-mocha-phantomjs
gulp-rename gulp-uglify gulp-less gulp-autoprefixer gulp-minify-css mocha chai
If you’re using git, you may want to ignore your node_modules folder with echo "node_modules" >> .gitignore.
You’ll probably want to use browserify-shim to shim jQuery and your JavaScript framework so that you can write var $ = require('jquery') into your code. We’ll use jQuery here, but the process is the same for any other library (Angular, Ember, Backbone, React, etc.). To set it up, modify your package.json like so:
{
"name": "car-finder",
"author": "Ben Lewis",
"devDependencies": {
"gulp-rename": "^1.2.0",
"gulp": "^3.8.10",
"gulp-mocha-phantomjs": "^0.5.1",
"gulp-jshint": "^1.9.0",
"gulp-browserify": "^0.5.0",
"browserify": "^6.3.4",
"browserify-shim": "^3.8.0",
"mocha": "^2.0.1",
"gulp-minify-css": "^0.3.11",
"gulp-uglify": "^1.0.1",
"gulp-autoprefixer": "^2.0.0",
"gulp-less": "^1.3.6",
"chai": "^1.10.0"
},
"browserify-shim": {
"jquery": "$"
},
"browserify": {
"transform": [
"browserify-shim"
]
}
}
If you’re getting JSHint errors in your editor for this file, you can turn them off with echo "package.json" >> .jshintignore.
Now that we have the gulp package installed, we’ll configure gulp tasks to lint our code, test it, trigger the compilation process, and copy our minified JS into the public folder. We’ll also set up a watch task that we can use to trigger a lint and recompile of our project whenever a source file is changed.
We’ll start by requiring the gulp packages we want in a gulpfile.js that lives in the root of the project.
// Gulp Dependencies
var gulp = require('gulp');
var rename = require('gulp-rename');
// Build Dependencies
var browserify = require('gulp-browserify');
var uglify = require('gulp-uglify');
// Style Dependencies
var less = require('gulp-less');
var prefix = require('gulp-autoprefixer');
var minifyCSS = require('gulp-minify-css');
// Development Dependencies
var jshint = require('gulp-jshint');
// Test Dependencies
var mochaPhantomjs = require('gulp-mocha-phantomjs');
Now we can start defining some tasks.
To set up linting for our clientside code as well as our test code, we’ll add the following to the gulpfile:
gulp.task('lint-client', function() {
return gulp.src('./client/**/*.js')
.pipe(jshint())
.pipe(jshint.reporter('default'));
});
gulp.task('lint-test', function() {
return gulp.src('./test/**/*.js')
.pipe(jshint())
.pipe(jshint.reporter('default'));
});
We’ll also need to define a .jshintrc in the root of our project, so that JSHint will know which rules to apply. If you have a JSHint plugin turned on in your editor, it will show you any linting errors as well. I use jshint.vim. Here’s an example of a typical .jshintrc for one of my projects. You’ll notice that it has some predefined globals that we’ll be using in our testing environment.
{
"camelcase": true,
"curly": true,
"eqeqeq": true,
"expr" : true,
"forin": true,
"immed": true,
"indent": 2,
"latedef": "nofunc",
"newcap": false,
"noarg": true,
"node": true,
"nonbsp": true,
"quotmark": "single",
"undef": true,
"unused": "vars",
"trailing": true,
"globals": {
"after" : false,
"afterEach" : false,
"before" : false,
"beforeEach" : false,
"context" : false,
"describe" : false,
"it" : false,
"window" : false
}
}
I’m a Test-Driven Development junkie, so one of the first things I always do when setting up a project is to make sure I have a working testing framework. For clientside unit testing, I like to use gulp-mocha-phantomjs, which we already pulled in above.
Before we can run any tests, we’ll need to create a test/client/index.html file for Mocha to load up in the headless PhantomJS browser environment. It will pull Mocha in from our node_modules folder, require build/client-test.js (more on this in a minute), then run the scripts:
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Mocha Test Runner</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../node_modules/mocha/mocha.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="mocha"></div>
<script src="../../node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
<script>mocha.setup('bdd')</script>
<script src="../../build/client-test.js"></script>
<script>
if (window.mochaPhantomJS) {
mochaPhantomJS.run();
} else {
mocha.run();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Now we need to set up Browserify to compile our code. First, we’ll define a couple of gulp tasks: one to build the app, and one to build the tests. We’ll copy the result of the compile to public so we can serve it unminified in development, and we’ll also put a copy into build, where we’ll grab it for minification. The compiled test file will also go into build. Finally, we’ll set up a watch task to trigger rebuilds of the app and test when one of the source files changes.
gulp.task('browserify-client', ['lint-client'], function() {
return gulp.src('client/index.js')
.pipe(browserify({
insertGlobals: true
}))
.pipe(rename('car-finder.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('build'));
.pipe(gulp.dest('public/javascripts'));
});
gulp.task('browserify-test', ['lint-test'], function() {
return gulp.src('test/client/index.js')
.pipe(browserify({
insertGlobals: true
}))
.pipe(rename('client-test.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('build'));
});
gulp.task('watch', function() {
gulp.watch('client/**/*.js', ['browserify-client']);
gulp.watch('test/client/**/*.js', ['browserify-test']);
});
There’s one more thing we’ll need to do before we can run our gulp tasks, which is to make sure we actually have index.js files in each of the folders we’ve it to look at, so it doesn’t raise an error. Add one to the client and test/client folders.
Now, when we run gulp browserify-client from the command line, we see new build/car-finder.js and public/javascripts/car-finder.js files. In the same way, gulp browserify-test creates a build/client-test.js file.
Now that we have Browserify set up, we can finish getting our test environment up and running. Let’s define a test Gulp task and add it to our watch. We’ll add browserify-test as a dependency for the test task, so our watch will just require test. We should also update our watch to run the tests whenever we change any of the app or test files.
gulp.task('test', ['lint-test', 'browserify-test'], function() {
return gulp.src('test/client/index.html')
.pipe(mochaPhantomjs());
});
gulp.task('watch', function() {
gulp.watch('client/**/*.js', ['browserify-client', 'test']);
gulp.watch('test/client/**/*.js', ['test']);
});
To verify that this is working, let’s write a simple test in test/client/index.js:
var expect = require('chai').expect;
describe('test setup', function() {
it('should work', function() {
expect(true).to.be.true;
});
});
Now, when we run gulp test, we should see Gulp run the lint-test, browserify-test, and test tasks and exit with one passing example. We can also test the watch task by running gulp watch, then making changes to test/client/index.js or client/index.js, which should trigger the tests.
Next, let’s turn our attention to the rest of our build process. I like to use less for styling. We’ll need a styles task to compile it down to CSS. In the process, we’ll use gulp-autoprefixer so that we don’t have to write vendor prefixes in our CSS rules. As we did with the app, we’ll create a development copy and a build copy, and place them in public/stylesheets and build, respectively. We’ll also add the less directory to our watch, so changes to our styles will get picked up.
We should also uglify our JavaScript files to improve page load time. We’ll write tasks for minification and uglification, then copy the minified production versions of the files to public/stylesheets and public/javascripts. Finally, we’ll wrap it all up into a build task.
Here are the changes to the gulpfile:
gulp.task('styles', function() {
return gulp.src('client/less/index.less')
.pipe(less())
.pipe(prefix({ cascade: true }))
.pipe(rename('car-finder.css'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('build'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('public/stylesheets'));
});
gulp.task('minify', ['styles'], function() {
return gulp.src('build/car-finder.css')
.pipe(minifyCSS())
.pipe(rename('car-finder.min.css'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('public/stylesheets'));
});
gulp.task('uglify', ['browserify-client'], function() {
return gulp.src('build/car-finder.js')
.pipe(uglify())
.pipe(rename('car-finder.min.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('public/javascripts'));
});
gulp.task('build', ['uglify', 'minify']);
If we now run gulp build, we see the following files appear:
– build/car-finder.css
– public/javascripts/car-finder.min.js
– public/stylesheets/car-finder.css
– public/stylesheets/car-finder.min.css
We’ll want to check that what we’ve built is actually going to work. Let’s add a little bit of styling and JS code to make sure it’s all getting compiled and served the way we hope it is. We’ll start with an index.html file in the public folder. It will load up the development versions of our CSS and JS files.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Car Finder</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesheets/car-finder.css">
</head>
<body>
<script src="javascripts/car-finder.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
We’ll add some styling in client/less/index.less:
body {
background-color: DarkOliveGreen;
}
Now we’ll write our million dollar app in client/index.js:
alert('I found your car!');
Let’s put it all together. Run grunt build, then open public/index.html. Our default browser opens a beautiful olive green screen with an alert box. Profit!
At this point, I usually like to tie it all together with a default Gulp task, so all I have to do is run gulp to check that everything’s going together the way I expect, and start watching for changes. Since test already does the linting and browserifying, all we really need here is test, build, and watch.
gulp.task('default', ['test', 'build', 'watch']);
We’ve now set up our project to use Browserify and Gulp. The former took the headache out of requiring modules and dependencies, and the latter made defining tasks for linting, testing, less compilation, minification, and uglification a breeze.
I hope you’ve found this exploration of Gulp and Browserify has been enlightening. I personally love these tools. For the moment, they’re my defaults when creating a personal project. I hope this post helps make your day-to-day development more fun by simplifying things. Thanks for reading!
P.S. What do you think? Going to make the switch from Grunt and/or Requirejs? Think these tools are inferior? Leave a comment below.