ckcplm.txt

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C-Kermit Program Logic Manual

     Frank da Cruz
     [11]The Kermit Project

   As of: C-Kermit 9.0.300, 30 June 2011
   Last update: Fri Jul 1 15:47:34 2011

     IF YOU ARE READING A PLAIN-TEXT version of this document, note that
     this file is a plain-text dump of a Web page. You can visit the
     original (and possibly more up-to-date) Web page here:

  [12]http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html

CONTENTS

  1. [13]INTRODUCTION
  2. [14]FILES
  3. [15]SOURCE CODE PORTABILITY AND STYLE
  4. [16]MODULES
     4.A. [17]Group A: Library Routines
     4.B. [18]Group B: Kermit File Transfer
     4.C. [19]Group C: Character-Set Conversion
     4.D. [20]Group D: User Interface
     4.E. [21]Group E: Platform-Dependent I/O
     4.F. [22]Group F: Network Support
     4.G. [23]Group G: Formatted Screen Support
     4.H. [24]Group H: Pseudoterminal Support
     4.I. [25]Group I: Security
  I. [26]APPENDIX I: FILE PERMISSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

   The Kermit Protocol is specified in the book [27]Kermit, A File
   Transfer Protocol by Frank da Cruz, Digital Press / Butterworth
   Heinemann, Newton, MA, USA (1987), 379 pages, ISBN 0-932376-88-6. It is
   assumed the reader is familiar with the Kermit protocol specification.

   This file describes the relationship among the modules and functions of
   C-Kermit 5A and later, and other programming considerations. C-Kermit
   is designed to be portable to any kind of computer that has a C
   compiler. The source code is broken into many files that are grouped
   according to their function, as shown in the [28]Contents.

   C-Kermit has seen constant development since 1985. Throughout its
   history, there has been a neverending tug-of-war among:

    a. Functionality: adding new features, fixing bugs, improving
       performance.
    b. Adding support for new platforms or communication methods.
    c. "Buzzword 1.0 compliance".

   The latter category is the most frustrating, since it generally
   involves massive changes just to keep the software doing what it did
   before in some new setting: e.g. the K&R-to-ANSIC conversion (which had
   to be done, of course, without breaking K&R); Y2K (not a big deal in
   our case); the many and varied UNIX and other API "standards" with
   which to "comply".

   Upon first glance at the source code, you will probably be appalled.
   Many will be tempted to clean it up and modernize it. But as soon as
   you do, you are sure to break something. Remember that above all else,
   the C-Kermit code is portable to every Unix platform that ever existed,
   going back Unix V7 (1979)*, and to several other completely different
   and unrelated operating-system families such as DEC/HP VMS, DG AOS/VS,
   and Stratus VOS, as well as to some Unix offshoots like OS-9 and Plan 9
   (from Outer Space). Every release of Kermit has been checked on every
   platform available -- the older the better! -- to make sure it still
   builds and runs. Even today (2011), there are modern Unix systems that
   have non-ANSI C compilers, foremost among them HP-UX (where an ANSI
   optimizing C compiler is available, but only as an expensive add-on).
   In a way, portability is the most important feature of C-Kermit and
   every effort should be made to preserve it through future releases.

   Voluminous edit histories are available going back to May 1985. The
   first versions of C-Kermit were done on our [29]DEC VAX-11/750 with
   Ultrix 1.0 and 2.0 (as well as departmental 750s with 4.2BSD**), DEC
   Pro-380 workstations (desktop PDP-11s) running 2.9BSD, which was
   [30]ported to the 380 by us. Later (1988 or so) on a big VAX 8650 with
   Ultrix, which became an 8700 (these no doubt weighed several tons), and
   finally a succession of non-DEC equipment: an Encore Multimax, 25 years
   worth of Suns, and now Linux on [31]HP Blades. We also had our own VMS
   development systems for some years. All this plus a generous assortment
   of departmental and offsite guest accounts on a multitude of platforms.
   Anyway, the edit histories:

     [32]ckc04e.txt C-Kermit 4.2(030) May 1985 to 4E(072) Jan 1989.
     [33]ckc04f.txt C-Kermit 4F(077) Arp 1989 to 4F(095) Aug 1989.
     [34]ckc168.txt Updates to C-Kermit 5A(168) for VMS Nov 1991
     [35]ckc178.txt C-Kermit 5A(100) Jul 1989 to 5A(178) Jan 1992
     [36]ckc188.txt C-Kermit 5A(188) development, 1992
     [37]ckc189.txt C-Kermit 5A(189) development, 1993
     [38]ckc192.txt C-Kermit 6.0(192) development, 1998
     [39]ckc197.txt C-Kermit 7.0(197) development, 2000
     [40]ckc200.txt C-Kermit 8.0.200 development, 2001
     [41]ckc211.txt C-Kermit 8.0.201 through 8.0.209 2001-2004
     [42]ckc300.txt C-Kermit 9.0.300 June 2011

   _________________________________
   * C-Kermit 6.0 was the last one to be built on V7, as I recall. The
   code should still be good for V7 but it probably has outgrown the
   16-bit address space. In any case there is still a V7 makefile target
   and a V7 path through the forest of #ifdefs in the code if anybody is
   running V7 on an emulator and would like to try building C-Kermit.
   There is no support for V6 but that is only because no V6 system was
   ever found for development. Notice that some other 16-bit Unixes are
   supported in the code, including 2.9BSD and Tandy Xenix 3.0, but have
   not been tried since C-Kermit 6.0

   **  C-Kermit 9.0.300 was built successfully on 4.2BSD about 25 years
   later, in June 2011.

   [ [43]Contents ] [ [44]C-Kermit ] [ [45]Kermit Home ]

2. FILES

   C-Kermit source files begin with the two letters "ck", for example
   ckutio.c. Filenames are kept short (6.3) for maximum portability and
   (obviously I hope) do not contain spaces or more than one period. The
   third character in the name denotes something about the function group
   and the expected level of portability:

     a     General descriptive material and documentation (text)
     b     BOO file encoders and decoders (obsolete)
     c     All platforms with C compilers (*)
     d     Data General AOS/VS
     e     Reserved for "ckermit" files, like ckermit.ini, ckermit2.txt
     f     (reserved)
     g     (reserved)
     h     (reserved)
     i     Commodore Amiga (Intuition)
     j     (unused)
     k     (unused)
     l     Stratus VOS
     m     Macintosh with Mac OS 1-9
     n     (unused)
     o     OS/2 and Microsoft Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/etc
     p     Plan 9 from Bell Labs
     q     (reserved)
     r     DEC PDP-11 with RSTS/E (never used, open for reassignment)
     s     Atari ST GEMDOS (last supported in version 5A(189))
     t     DEC PDP-11 with RT-11 (never used, open for reassignment)
     u     Unix-based operating systems (*)
     v     VMS and OpenVMS
     w     Wart (Lex-like preprocessor, platform independent)
     x     (reserved)
     y     (reserved)
     z     (reserved)
     0-3   (reserved)
     4     IBM AS/400
     5-8   (reserved)
     9     Microware OS-9
     _     (underscore) Encryption modules

   (*) In fact there is little distinction between the ckc*.* and cku*.*
   categories. It would make more sense for all cku*.* modules to be
   ckc*.* ones, except ckufio.c, ckutio.c, ckucon.c, ckucns.c, and
   ckupty.c, which truly are specific to Unix. The rest (ckuus*.c,
   ckucmd.c, etc) are quite portable.

   One hint before proceeding: functions are scattered all over the ckc*.c
   and cku*.c modules, where function size has begun to take precedence
   over the desirability of grouping related functions together, the aim
   being to keep any particular module from growing disproportionately
   large. The easiest way (in UNIX) to find out in what source file a
   given function is defined is like this (where the desired function is
   foo()...):

  grep ^foo\( ck*.c

   This works because the coding convention has been to make function
   names always start on the left margin with their contents indented, for
   example:

static char *
foo(x,y) int x, y; {
    ...
}

   Also note the style for bracket placement. This allows bracket-matching
   text editors (such as EMACS) to help you make sure you know which
   opening bracket a closing bracket matches, particularly when the
   opening bracket is above the visible screen, and it also makes it easy
   to find the end of a function (search for '}' on the left margin).

   Of course EMACS tags work nicely with this format too:

  $ cd kermit-source-directory
  $ etags ck[cu]*.c
  $ emacs
  Esc-X Visit-Tags-Table<CR><CR>

   (but remember that the source file for ckcpro.c is [46]ckcpro.w!)

   Also:

     * Tabs should be set every 8 spaces, as on a VT100.
     * All lines must no more than 79 characters wide after tab expansion.
     * Note the distinction between physical tabs (ASCII 9) and the
       indentation conventions, which are: 4 for block contents, 2 for
       most other stuff (obviously this is not a portability issue, just
       style).

   [ [47]Contents ] [ [48]C-Kermit ] [ [49]Kermit Home ]

3. SOURCE CODE PORTABILITY AND STYLE

   C-Kermit was designed in 1985 as a platform-independent replacement for
   the earlier Unix Kermit. C-Kermit's design was expected to promote
   portability, and judging from the number of platforms to which it has
   been adapted since then, the model is effective, if not ideal
   (obviously if we had it all to do over, we'd change a few things). To
   answer the oft-repeated question: "Why are there so many #ifdefs?",
   it's because:

     * Many of them are related to feature selection and program size, and
       so need to be there anyway.
     * Those that treat compiler, library, platform, header-file, and
       similar differences have built up over time as hundreds of people
       all over the world adapted C-Kermit to their particular
       environments and sent back their changes. There might be more
       politically-correct ways to achieve portability, but this one is
       natural and proven. The basic idea is to introduce changes that can
       be selected by defining a symbol, which, if not defined, leaves the
       program exactly as it was before the changes.
     * Although it might be possible to "clean up" the "#ifdef mess",
       nobody has access to all the hundreds of platforms served by the
       #ifdefs to check the results.

   And to answer the second-most-oft-repeated question: "Why don't you
   just use GNU autoconfig / automake / autowhatever instead of
   hard-coding all those #ifdefs?" Answers:

     * The GNU tools are not available on all the platforms where C-Kermit
       must be built and I wouldn't necessarily trust them if they were.
     * Each platform is a moving target, so the tools themselves would
       need to updated before Kermit could be updated.
     * It would only add another layer of complexity to an already complex
       process.
     * Conversion at this point would not be practical unless there was a
       way to test the results on all the hundreds of platforms where
       C-Kermit is supposed to build.

   When writing code for the system-independent C-Kermit modules, please
   stick to the following coding conventions to ensure portability to the
   widest possible variety of C preprocessors, compilers, and linkers, as
   well as certain network and/or email transports. The same holds true
   for many of the "system dependent" modules too; particularly the Unix
   ones, since they must be buildable by a wide variety of compilers and
   linkers, new and old.

   This list does not purport to be comprehensive, and although some items
   on it might seem far-fetched, they would not be listed unless I had
   encountered them somewhere, some time. I wish I had kept better records
   so I could cite specific platforms and compilers.

     * Try to keep variable and function names unique within 6 characters,
       especially if they are used across modules, since 6 is the maximum
       for some old linkers (actually, this goes back to TOPS-10 and -20
       and other old DEC OS's where C-Kermit never ran anyway; a more
       realistic maximum is probably somewhere between 8 and 16). We know
       for certain that VAX C has a 31-character max because it complains
       -- others might not complain, but just silently truncate, thus
       folding two or more routines/variables into one.
     * Keep preprocessor symbols unique within 8 characters; that's the
       max for some preprocessors (sorry, I can't give a specific example,
       but in 1988 or thereabouts, I had to change character-set symbols
       like TC_LATIN1 and TC_LATIN2 to TC_1LATIN and TC_2LATIN because the
       digits were being truncated and ignored on a platform where I
       actually had to build C-Kermit 5A; unfortunately I didn't note
       which platform -- maybe some early Ultrix version?)
     * Don't create preprocessor symbols, or variable or function names,
       that start with underscore (_). These are usually reserved for
       internal use by the compiler and header files.
     * Don't put #include directives inside functions or { blocks }.
     * Don't use the #if or #elif preprocessor constructions, only use
       #ifdef, #ifndef, #define, #undef, and #endif.
     * Put tokens after #endif in comment brackets, e.g. #endif /* FOO */.
     * Don't indent preprocessor statements - # must always be first char
       on line.
     * Don't put whitespace after # in preprocessor statements.
     * Don't use #pragma, even within #ifdefs -- it makes some
       preprocessors give up.
     * Same goes for #module, #if, etc - #ifdefs do NOT protect them.
     * Don't use logical operators in preprocessor constructions.
     * Avoid #ifdefs inside argument list to function calls (I can't
       remember why this one is here, but probably needn't be; we do this
       all the time).
     * Always cast strlen() in expressions to int:
       if ((int)strlen(foo) < x)...
     * Avoid typedefs; they might be portable but they are very confusing
       and there's no way to test for their presence or absence at compile
       time. Use preprocessor symbols instead if possible; at least you
       can test their definitions.
     * Unsigned long is not portable; use a preprocessor symbol (Kermit
       uses ULONG for this).
     * Long long is not portable. If you really need it, be creative.
     * Similarly 1234LL is not portable, nor almost any other constant
       modifier other than L.
     * Unsigned char is not portable, use CHAR (a preprocessor symbol
       defined in the Kermit header files) and always take precautions
       against character signage (more about this [50]below).
     * Don't use initializers with automatic arrays or structs: it's not
       portable.
     * Don't use big automatic arrays or structs in functions that might
       be called recursively; some platforms have fixed-size stacks (e.g.
       Windows 9x: 256K) and recursive functions crash with stack
       overflow. Even when there is not a compiler limitation, this causes
       memory to be consumed without bound, and can end up filling swap
       space.
     * Don't assume that struct assignment performs a copy, or that it
       even exists.
     * Don't use sizeof to get the size of an array; someone might come
       along later and and change it from static to malloc'd. Always use a
       symbol to refer to the array's size.
     * Don't put prototypes for static functions into header files that
       are used by modules that don't contain that function; the link step
       can fail with unresolved references (e.g. on AOS/VS).
     * Avoid the construction *++p (the order of evaluation varies; it
       shouldn't but at least one compiler had a bug that made me include
       this item).
     * Don't use triple assignments, like a = b = c = 0; (or quadruple,
       etc). Some compilers generate bad code for these, or crash, etc
       (some version of DEC C as I recall).
     * Some compilers don't allow structure members to have the same names
       as other identifiers. Try to give structure members unique names.
     * Don't assume anything about order of evaluation in boolean
       expressions, or that they will stop early if a required condition
       is not true, e.g.:
  if (i > 0 && p[i-1] == blah)

       can still dump core if i == 0 (hopefully this is not true of any
       modern compiler, but I would not have said this if it did not
       actually happen somewhere).
     * Don't have a switch() statement with no cases (e.g. because of
       #ifdefs); this is a fatal error in some compilers.
     * Don't put lots of code in a switch case; move it out to a separate
       function; some compilers run out of memory when presented with a
       huge switch() statement -- it's not the number of cases that
       matters; it's the overall amount of code.
     * Some compilers might also limit the number of switch() cases, e.g.
       to 254.
     * Don't put anything between "switch() {" and "case:" -- switch
       blocks are not like other blocks.
     * Don't jump into or out of switches.
     * Don't make character-string constants longer than about 250 bytes.
       Longer strings should be broken up into arrays of strings.
     * Don't write into character-string constants (obviously). Even when
       you know you are not writing past the end; the compiler or linker
       might have put them into read-only and/or shared memory, and/or
       coalesced multiple equal constants so if you change one you change
       them all.
     * Don't depend on '\r' being carriage return.
     * Don't depend on '\n' being linefeed or for that matter any SINGLE
       character.
     * Don't depend on '\r' and '\n' being different (e.g. as separate
       switch() cases).
     * In other words, don't use \n or \r to stand for specific
       characters; use \012 and \015 instead.
     * Don't code for "buzzword 1.0 compliance", unless "buzzword" is K&R
       and "1.0" is the first edition.
     * Don't use or depend on anything_t (size_t, pid_t, etc), except
       time_t, without #ifdef protection (time_t is the only one I've
       found that is accepted everywhere). This is a tough one because the
       same function might require (say) a size_t arg on one platform,
       whereas size_t is unheard of on another; or worse, it might require
       a totally different data type, like int or long or some other
       typedef'd thing. It has often proved necessary to define a symbol
       to stand for the type of a particular argument to a particular
       library or system function to get around this problem.
     * Don't use or depend on internationalization ("i18n") features,
       wchar_t, locales, etc, in portable code; they are not portable.
       Anyway, locales are not the right model for Kermit's
       multi-character-set support. Kermit does all character-set
       conversion itself and does not use any external libraries or
       functions.
     * In particular, don't use any library functions that deal with wide
       characters or Unicode in any form. These are not only nonportable,
       but a constantly shifting target (e.g. the ones in glibc).
     * Don't make any assumption about signal handler type. It can be
       void, int, long, or anything else. Always declare signal handlers
       as SIGTYP (see definition in ckcdeb.h and augment it if necessary)
       and always use SIGRETURN at exit points from signal handlers.
     * Signals should always be re-armed to be used again (this barely
       scratches the surface -- the differences between BSD/V7 and System
       V and POSIX signal handling are numerous, and some platforms do not
       even support signals, alarms, or longjmps correctly or at all --
       avoid all of this if you can).
     * On the other hand, don't assume that signals are disarmed after
       being raised. In some platforms you have to re-arm them, in others
       they stay armed.
     * Don't call malloc() and friends from a signal handler; don't do
       anything but setting integer global variables in a signal handler.
     * malloc() does not initialize allocated memory -- it never said it
       did. Don't expect it to be all 0's.
     * Did You Know: malloc() can succeed and the program can still dump
       core later when it attempts to use the malloc'd memory? (This
       happens when allocation is deferred until use and swap space is
       full.)
     * memset(), memmove(), and memcpy() are not portable, don't use them
       without protecting them in ifdefs (we have USE_MEMCPY for this).
       bzero()/bcopy() too, except we're guaranteed to have
       bzero()/bcopy() when using the sockets library (not really). See
       examples in the source.
     * Don't assume that strncpy() stops on the first null byte -- most
       versions always copy the number of bytes given in arg 3, padding
       out with 0's and overwriting whatever was there before. Use
       C-Kermit ckstrncpy() if you want predictable non-padding behavior,
       guaranteed NUL-termination, and a useful return code.
     * DID YOU KNOW.. that some versions of inet_blah() routines return IP
       addresses in network byte order, while others return them local
       machine byte order? So passing them to ntohs() or whatever is not
       always the right thing to do.
     * Don't use ANSI-format function declarations without #ifdef
       CK_ANSIC, and always provide an #else for the non-ANSI case.
     * Use the Kermit _PROTOTYP() macro for declaring function prototypes;
       it works in both the ANSI and non-ANSI cases.
     * Don't depend on any other ANSI preprocessor features like "pasting"
       -- they are often missing or nonoperational.
     * Don't assume any C++ syntax or semantics.
     * Don't use // as a comment introducer. C is not C++.
     * Don't declare a string as "char foo[]" in one module and "extern
       char * foo" in another, or vice-versa: this causes core dumps.
     * With compiler makers falling all over themselves trying to outdo
       each other in ANSI strictness, it has become increasingly necessary
       to cast EVERYTHING. Especially char vs unsigned char. We need to
       use unsigned chars if we want to deal with 8-bit character sets,
       but most character- and string-oriented APIs want (signed) char
       arguments, so explicit casts are necessary. It would be nice if
       every compiler had a -funsigned-char option (as gcc does), but they
       don't.
     * a[x], where x is an unsigned char, can produce a wild memory
       reference if x, when promoted to an int, becomes negative. Cast it
       to (unsigned), even though it ALREADY IS unsigned.
     * Be careful how you declare functions that have char or long
       arguments; for ANSI compilers you MUST use ANSI declarations to
       avoid promotion problems, but you can't use ANSI declarations with
       non-ANSI compilers. Thus declarations of such functions must be
       hideously entwined in #ifdefs. Example:
  int                          /*  Put character in server command buffer  */
  #ifdef CK_ANSIC
  putsrv(char c)
  #else
  putsrv(c) char c;
  #endif /* CK_ANSIC */
  /* putsrv */ {
      *srvptr++ = c;
      *srvptr = '\0';           /* Make sure buffer is null-terminated */
      return(0);
  }

     * Be careful how you return characters from functions that return int
       values -- "getc-like functions" -- in the ANSI world. Unless you
       explicitly cast the return value to (unsigned), it is likely to be
       "promoted" to an int and have its sign extended.
     * At least one compiler (the one on DEC OSF/1 1.3) treats "/*" and
       "*/" within string constants as comment begin and end. No amount of
       #ifdefs will get around this one. You simply can't put these
       sequences in a string constant, e.g. "/usr/local/doc/*.*".
     * Avoid putting multiple macro references on a single line, e.g.:
  putchar(BS); putchar(SP); putchar(BS)

   This overflows the CPP output buffer of more than a few C preprocessors
   (this happened, for example, with SunOS 4.1 cc, which evidently has a
   1K macro expansion buffer).

   C-Kermit needs constant adjustment to new OS and compiler releases.
   Every new OS release shuffles header files or their contents, or
   prototypes, or data types, or levels of ANSI strictness, etc. Every
   time you make an adjustment to remove a new compilation error, BE VERY
   CAREFUL to #ifdef it on a symbol unique to the new configuration so
   that the previous configuration (and all other configurations on all
   other platforms) remain as before.

   Assume nothing. Don't assume header files are where they are supposed
   to be, that they contain what you think they contain, that they define
   specific symbols to have certain values -- or define them at all! Don't
   assume system header files protect themselves against multiple
   inclusion. Don't assume that particular system or library calls are
   available, or that the arguments are what you think they are -- order,
   data type, passed by reference vs value, etc. Be conservative when
   attempting to write portable code. Avoid all advanced features.

   If you see something that does not make sense, don't assume it's a
   mistake -- it might be there for a reason, and changing it or removing
   is likely to cause compilation, linking, or runtime failures sometime,
   somewhere. Some huge percentage of the code, especially in the
   platform-dependent modules, is workarounds for compiler, linker, or API
   bugs.

   But finally... feel free to violate any or all of these rules in
   platform-specific modules for environments in which the rules are
   certain not to apply. For example, in VMS-specific code, it is OK to
   use #if, because VAX C, DEC C, and VMS GCC all support it.

   [ [51]Contents ] [ [52]C-Kermit ] [ [53]Kermit Home ]

3.1. Memory Leaks

   The C language and standard C library are notoriously inadequate and
   unsafe. Strings are arrays of characters, usually referenced through
   pointers. There is no native string datatype. Buffers are fixed size,
   and C provides no runtime bounds checking, thus allowing overwriting of
   other data or even program code. With the popularization of the
   Internet, the "buffer exploit" has become a preferred method for
   hackers to hijack privileged programs; long data strings are fed to a
   program in hopes that it uses unsafe C library calls such as strcpy()
   or sprintf() to copy strings into automatic arrays, thus overwriting
   the call stack, and therefore the routine's return address. When such a
   hole is discovered, a "string" can be constructed that contains machine
   code to hijack the program's privileges and penetrate the system.

   This problem is partially addressed by the strn...() routines, which
   should always be used in preference to their str...() equivalents
   (except when the copy operation has already been prechecked, or there
   is a good reason for not using them, e.g. the sometimes undesirable
   side effect of strncpy() zeroing the remainder of the buffer). The most
   gaping whole, however, is sprintf(), which performs no length checking
   on its destination buffer, and is not easy to replace. Although
   snprintf() routines are starting to appear, they are not yet
   widespread, and certainly not universal, nor are they especially
   portable, or even full-featured.

   For these reasons, we have started to build up our own little library
   of C Library replacements, ckclib.[ch]. These are safe and highly
   portable primitives for memory management and string manipulation, such
   as:

   ckstrncpy()
          Like strncpy but returns a useful value, doesn't zero buffer.

   ckitoa()
          Opposite of atoi()

   ckltoa()
          Opposite of atol()

   ckctoa()
          Returns character as string

   ckmakmsg()
          Used with ck?to?() as a safe sprintf() replacement for up to 4
          items

   ckmakxmsg()
          Like ckmakmsg() but accepts up to 12 items

   More about library functions in [54]Section 4.A.

   [ [55]Contents ] [ [56]C-Kermit ] [ [57]Kermit Home ]

3.2. The "char" vs "unsigned char" Dilemma

   This is one of the most aggravating and vexing characteristics of the C
   language. By design, chars (and char *'s) are SIGNED. But in the modern
   era, however, we need to process characters that can have (or include)
   8-bit values, as in the ISO Latin-1, IBM CP 850, or UTF-8 character
   sets, so this data must be treated as unsigned. But some C compilers
   (such as those based on the Bell UNIX V7 compiler) do not support
   "unsigned char" as a data type. Therefore we have the macro or typedef
   CHAR, which we use when we need chars to be unsigned, but which,
   unfortunately, resolves itself to "char" on those compilers that don't
   support "unsigned char". AND SO... We have to do a lot of fiddling at
   runtime to avoid sign extension and so forth.

   Some modern compilers (e.g. IBM, DEC, Microsoft) have options that say
   "make all chars be unsigned" (e.g. GCC "-funsigned-char") and we use
   them when they are available. Other compilers don't have this option,
   and at the same time, are becoming increasingly strict about type
   mismatches, and spew out torrents of warnings when we use a CHAR where
   a char is expected, or vice versa. We fix these one by one using casts,
   and the code becomes increasingly ugly. But there remains a serious
   problem, namely that certain library and kernel functions have
   arguments that are declared as signed chars (or pointers to them),
   whereas our character data is unsigned. Fine, we can can use casts here
   too -- but who knows what happens inside these routines.

   [ [58]Contents ] [ [59]C-Kermit ] [ [60]Kermit Home ]

4. MODULES

   When C-Kermit is on the far end of a connection, it is said to be in
   remote mode. When C-Kermit has made a connection to another computer,
   it is in local mode. (If C-Kermit is "in the middle" of a multihop
   connection, it is still in local mode.)

   On another axis, C-Kermit can be in any of several major states:

   Command State
          Reading and writing from the job's controlling terminal or
          "console". In this mode, all i/o is handled by the Group E
          conxxx() (console i/o) routines.

   Protocol State
          Reading and writing from the communications device. In this
          mode, all i/o is handled by the Group E ttxxx() (terminal i/o)
          routines.

   Terminal State
          Reading from the keyboard with conxxx() routines and writing to
          the communications device with ttxxx() routines AND vice-versa.

   When in local mode, the console and communications device are distinct.
   During file transfer, Kermit may put up a file-transfer display on the
   console and sample the console for interruption signals.

   When in remote mode, the console and communications device are the
   same, and therefore there can be no file-transfer display on the
   console or interruptions from it (except for "in-band" interruptions
   such as ^C^C^C).

   [ [61]Contents ] [ [62]C-Kermit ] [ [63]Kermit Home ]

4.A. Group A: Library Functions

   Library functions, strictly portable, can be used by all modules on all
   platforms: [64]ckclib.h, [65]ckclib.c.

   (To be filled in... For now, see [66]Section 3.1 and the comments in
   ckclib.c.)

   [ [67]Contents ] [ [68]C-Kermit ] [ [69]Kermit Home ]

4.B. Group B: Kermit File Transfer

   The Kermit protocol kernel. These files, whose names start with "ckc
   are supposed to be totally portable C, and are expected to compile
   correctly on any platform with any C compiler. "Portable" does not mean
   the same as as "ANSI" -- these modules must compile on 10- and 20-year
   old computers, with C preprocessors, compilers, and/or linkers that
   have all sorts of restrictions. The Group B modules do not include any
   header files other than those that come with Kermit itself. They do not
   contain any library calls except from the standard C library (e.g.
   printf()). They most certainly do not contain any system calls. Files:

   [70]ckcsym.h
          For use by C compilers that don't allow -D on the command line.

   [71]ckcasc.h
          ASCII character symbol definitions.

   [72]ckcsig.h
          System-independent signal-handling definitions and prototypes.

   [73]ckcdeb.h
          Originally, debugging definitions. Now this file also contains
          all definitions and prototypes that are shared by all modules in
          all groups.

   [74]ckcker.h
          Kermit protocol symbol definitions.

   [75]ckcxla.h
          Character-set-related symbol definitions (see next section).

   [76]ckcmai.c
          The main program. This module contains the declarations of all
          the protocol-related global variables that are shared among the
          other modules.

   [77]ckcpro.w
          The protocol module itself, written in "wart", a lex-like
          preprocessor that is distributed with Kermit under the name
          CKWART.C.

   [78]ckcfns.c, [79]ckcfn2.c, [80]ckcfn3.c
          The protocol support functions used by the protocol module.

   [81]Group B modules may call upon functions from [82]Group E, but not
   from [83]Group D modules (with the single exception that the main
   program invokes the user interface, which is in Group D). (This last
   assertion is really only a conjecture.)

   [ [84]Contents ] [ [85]C-Kermit ] [ [86]Kermit Home ]

4.C. Group C: Character-Set Conversion

   Character set translation tables and functions. Used by the [87]Group
   B, protocol modules, but may be specific to different computers. (So
   far, all character character sets supported by C-Kermit are supported
   in [88]ckuxla.c and [89]ckuxla.h, including Macintosh and IBM character
   sets). These modules should be completely portable, and not rely on any
   kind of system or library services.

   [90]ckcxla.h
          Character-set definitions usable by all versions of C-Kermit.

   ck?xla.h
          Character-set definitions for computer "?", e.g. [91]ckuxla.h
          for UNIX, [92]ckmxla.h for Macintosh.

   [93]ck?xla
          Character-set translation tables and functions for computer "?",
          For example, CKUXLA.C for UNIX, CKMXLA.C for Macintosh. So far,
          these are the only two such modules. The UNIX module is used for
          all versions of C-Kermit except the Macintosh version.

   [94]ckcuni.h
          Unicode definitions

   [95]ckcuni.c
          Unicode module

   Here's how to add a new file character set in the original (non-Unicode
   modules). Assuming it is based on the Roman (Latin) alphabet. Let's
   call it "Barbarian". First, in ck?xla.h, add a definition for FC_BARBA
   (8 chars maximum length) and increase MAXFCSETS by 1. Then, in
   ck?xla.c:

     * Add a barbarian entry into the fcsinfo array.
     * Add a "barbarian" entry to file character set keyword table,
       fcstab.
     * Add a "barbarian" entry to terminal character set keyword table,
       ttcstab.
     * Add a translation table from Latin-1 to barbarian: yl1ba[].
     * Add a translation table from barbarian to Latin-1: ybal1[].
     * Add a translation function from Barbarian to ASCII: xbaas().
     * Add a translation function from Barbarian to Latin-1: xbal1().
     * Add a translation function from Latin-1 to Barbarian: xl1ba().
     * etc etc for each transfer character set...
     * Add translation function pointers to the xls and xlr tables.

   Other translations involving Barbarian (e.g. from Barbarian to
   Latin-Cyrillic) are performed through these tables and functions. See
   ckuxla.h and ckuxla.c for extensive examples.

   To add a new Transfer Character Set, e.g. Latin Alphabet 9 (for the
   Euro symbol), again in the "old" character-set modules:

   In ckcxla.h:

          + Add a TC_xxxx definition and increase MAXTCSETS accordingly.

   In ck?xla.h (since any transfer charset is also a file charset):

          + Add an FC_xxxx definition and increase MAXFCSETS accordingly.

   In ck?xla.c:

          + Add a tcsinfo[] entry.
          + Make a tcstab[] keyword table entry.
          + Make an fcsinfo[] table entry.
          + Make an fcstab[] keyword table entry.
          + Make a tcstab[] keyword table entry.
          + If necessary, make a langinfo[] table entry.
          + Make entries in the function pointer arrays.
          + Provide any needed functions.

   As of C-Kermit 7.0, character sets are also handled in parallel by the
   new (and very large) Unicode module, ckcuni.[ch]. Eventually we should
   phase out the old way, described just above, and operate entirely in
   (and through) Unicode. The advantages are many. The disadvantages are
   size and performance. To add a character to the Unicode modules:

   In ckcuni.h:

          + (To be filled in...)

   In ckcuni.c:

          + (To be filled in...)

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4.D. Group D: User Interface

   This is the code that communicates with the user, gets her commands,
   informs her of the results. It may be command-line oriented,
   interactive prompting dialog, menus and arrow keys, windows and mice,
   speech recognition, telepathy, etc. The one provided is command-and
   prompt, with the ability to read commands from various sources: the
   console keyboard, a file, or a macro definition. The user interface has
   three major functions:

    1. Sets the parameters for the file transfer and then starts it. This
       is done by setting certain (many) global variables, such as the
       protocol machine start state, the file specification, file type,
       communication parameters, packet length, window size, character
       set, etc.
    2. Displays messages on the user's screen during the file transfer,
       using the screen() function, which is called by the group-1
       modules.
    3. Executes any commands directly that do not require Kermit protocol,
       such as the CONNECT command, local file management commands,
       parameter-setting commands, FTP client commands, etc.

   If you plan to embed the [99]Group B, files into a program with a
   different user interface, your interface must supply an appropriate
   screen() function, plus a couple related ones like chkint() and
   intmsg() for handling keyboard (or mouse, etc) interruptions during
   file transfer. The best way to find out about this is to link all the
   C-Kermit modules together except the ckuu*.o and ckucon.o modules, and
   see which missing symbols turn up.

   C-Kermit's character-oriented user interface (as opposed to the
   Macintosh version's graphical user interface) consists of the following
   modules. C-Kermit can be built with an interactive command parser, a
   command-line-option-only parser, a graphical user interface, or any
   combination, and it can even be built with no user interface at all (in
   which case it runs as a remote-mode Kermit server).

   [100]ckucmd.h
   [101]ckucmd.c
          The command parsing primitives used by the interactive command
          parser to parse keywords, numbers, filenames, etc, and to give
          help, complete fields, supply defaults, allow abbreviations and
          editing, etc. This package is totally independent of Kermit, but
          does depend on the [102]Group E functions.

   [103]ckuusr.h
          Definitions of symbols used in Kermit's commands.

   ckuus*.c
          Kermit's interactive command parser, including the script
          programming language: [104]ckuusr.c (includes top-level keyword
          tables); [105]ckuus2.c (HELP command text); [106]ckuus3.c (most
          of the SET command); [107]ckuus4.c (includes variables and
          functions); ckuus[567].c (miscellaneous);

   [108]ckuusy.c
          The command-line-option parser.

   [109]ckuusx.c
          User interface functions common to both the interactive and
          command-line parsers.

   [110]ckuver.h
          Version heralds for different implementations.

   [111]ckuscr.c
          The (old, uucp-like) SCRIPT command

   [112]ckudia.c
          The DIAL command. Includes specific knowledge of many types of
          modems.

   Note that none of the above files is actually Unix-specific. Over time
   they have proven to be portable among all platforms where C-Kermit is
   built: Unix, VMS, AOS/VS, Amiga, OS-9, VOS, etc etc. Thus the third
   letter should more properly be "c", but changing it would be too
   confusing.

   ck?con.c, ckucns.c
          The CONNECT command. Terminal connection, and in some cases
          (Macintosh, Windows) also terminal emulation. NOTE: As of
          C-Kermit 7.0, there are two different CONNECT modules for UNIX:
          [113]ckucon.c -- the traditional, portable, fork()-based version
          -- and [114]ckucns.c, a new version that uses select() rather
          than forks so it can handle encryption. ckucns.c is the
          preferred version for Unix; ckucon.c is not likely to keep pace
          with it in terms of upgrades, etc. However, since select() is
          not portable to every platform, ckucon.c will be kept
          indefinitely for those platforms that can't use ckucns.c. NOTE:
          SunLink X.25 support is available only in ckucon.c.

   ck_*.*, ckuat*.*
          Modules having to do with authentication and encryption. Since
          the relaxation of USA export laws, they are included with the
          general source-code distribution. Secure C-Kermit binaries can
          be built using special targets in the standard makefile.
          However, secure prebuilt binaries may not be distributed.

   For other implementations, the files may, and probably do, have
   different names. For example, the Macintosh graphical user interface
   filenames start with "ckm". Kermit 95 uses the ckucmd and ckuus*
   modules, but has its own CONNECT command modules. And so on.

   Here is a brief description of C-Kermit's "user interface interface",
   from ckuusr.c. It is nowhere near complete; in particular, hundreds of
   global variables are shared among the many modules. These should, some
   day, be collected into classes or structures that can be passed around
   as needed; not only for purity's sake, but also to allow for multiple
   simultaneous communication sessions and or user interfaces. Our list of
   things to do is endless, and reorganizing the source is almost always
   at the bottom.

   The ckuus*.c modules (like many of the ckc*.c modules) depend on the
   existence of C library features like fopen, fgets, feof, (f)printf,
   argv/argc, etc. Other functions that are likely to vary among operating
   systems -- like setting terminal modes or interrupts -- are invoked via
   calls to functions that are defined in the [115]Group E
   platform-dependent modules, ck?[ft]io.c. The command line parser
   processes any arguments found on the command line, as passed to main()
   via argv/argc. The interactive parser uses the facilities of the cmd
   package (developed for this program, but, in theory, usable by any
   program). Any command parser may be substituted for this one. The only
   requirements for the Kermit command parser are these:

    1. Set parameters via global variables like duplex, speed, ttname,
       etc. See [116]ckcmai.c for the declarations and descriptions of
       these variables.
    2. If a command can be executed without the use of Kermit protocol,
       then execute the command directly and set the sstate (start state)
       variable to 0. Examples include SET commands, local directory
       listings, the CONNECT command.
    3. If a command requires the Kermit protocol, set the following
       variables:
 sstate                             string data
   'x' (enter server mode)            (none)
   'r' (send a 'get' command)         cmarg, cmarg2
   'v' (enter receive mode)           cmarg2
   'g' (send a generic command)       cmarg
   's' (send files)                   nfils, cmarg & cmarg2 OR cmlist
   'c' (send a remote host command)   cmarg


       cmlist is an array of pointers to strings.
       cmarg, cmarg2 are pointers to strings.
       nfils is an integer (hmmm, probably should be an unsigned long).

        cmarg can be:
                A filename string (possibly wild), or:
                a pointer to a prefabricated generic command string, or:
                a pointer to a host command string.

        cmarg2 is:
                The name to send a single file under, or:
                the name under which to store an incoming file; must not
                be wild.
                If it's the name for receiving, a null value means to
                store the file under the name it arrives with.

        cmlist is:
                A list of nonwild filenames, such as passed via argv.

        nfils is an integer, interpreted as follows:
                -1: filespec (possibly wild) in cmarg, must be expanded
                internally.
                0: send from stdin (standard input).
                >0: number of files to send, from cmlist.

   The screen() function is used to update the screen during file
   transfer. The tlog() function writes to a transaction log (if TLOG is
   defined). The debug() function writes to a debugging log (if DEBUG is
   defined). The intmsg() and chkint() functions provide the user i/o for
   interrupting file transfers.

   [ [117]Contents ] [ [118]C-Kermit ] [ [119]Kermit Home ]

4.E. Group E: Platform-Dependent I/O

   Platform-dependent function definitions. All the Kermit modules,
   including the command package, call upon these functions, which are
   designed to provide system-independent primitives for controlling and
   manipulating devices and files. For Unix, these functions are defined
   in the files [120]ckufio.c (files), [121]ckutio.c (communications), and
   [122]ckusig.c (signal handling).

   For VMS, the files are [123]ckvfio.c, ckvtio.c, and [124]ckusig.c (VMS
   can use the same signal handling routines as Unix). It doesn't really
   matter what the files are called, except for Kermit distribution
   purposes (grouping related files together alphabetically), only that
   each function is provided with the name indicated, observes the same
   calling and return conventions, and has the same type.

   The Group E modules contain both functions and global variables that
   are accessed by modules in the other groups. These are now described.

   (By the way, I got this list by linking all the C-Kermit modules
   together except ckutio and ckufio. These are the symbols that ld
   reported as undefined. But that was a long time ago, probably circa
   Version 6.)

4.E.1. Global Variables

   char *DELCMD;
          Pointer to string containing command for deleting files.
          Example: char *DELCMD = "rm -f "; (UNIX)
          Example: char *DELCMD = "delete "; (VMS)
          Note trailing space. Filename is concatenated to end of this
          string. NOTE: DELCMD is used only in versions that do not
          provide their own built-in DELETE command.

   char *DIRCMD;
          Pointer to string containing command for listing files when a
          filespec is given.
          Example: char *DIRCMD = "/bin/ls -l "; (UNIX)
          Example: char *DIRCMD = "directory "; (VMS)
          Note trailing space. Filename is concatenated to end of this
          string. NOTE: DIRCMD is used only in versions that do not
          provide their own built-in DIRECTORY command.

   char *DIRCM2;
          Pointer to string containing command for listing files when a
          filespec is not given. (currently not used, handled in another
          way.)
          Example: char *DIRCMD2 = "/bin/ls -ld *";
          NOTE: DIRCMD2 is used only in versions that do not provide their
          own built-in DIRECTORY command.

   char *PWDCMD;
          Pointer to string containing command to display current
          directory.
          Example: char *PWDCMD = "pwd ";
          NOTE: PWDCMD is used only in versions that do not provide their
          own built-in PWD command.

   char *SPACMD;
          Pointer to command to display free disk space in current
          device/directory.
          Example: char *SPACMD = "df .";
          NOTE: SPACMD is used only in versions that do not provide their
          own built-in SPACE command.

   char *SPACM2;
          Pointer to command to display free disk space in another
          device/directory.
          Example: char *SPACM2 = "df ";
          Note trailing space. Device or directory name is added to this
          string. NOTE: SPACMD2 is used only in versions that do not
          provide their own built-in SPACE command.

   char *TYPCMD;
          Pointer to command for displaying the contents of a file.
          Example: char *TYPCMD = "cat ";
          Note trailing space. Device or directory name is added to this
          string. NOTE: TYPCMD is used only in versions that do not
          provide their own built-in TYPE command.

   char *WHOCMD;
          Pointer to command for displaying logged-in users.
          Example: char *WHOCMD = "who ";
          Note trailing space. Specific user name may be added to this
          string.

   int backgrd = 0;
          Flag for whether program is running in foreground (0) or
          background (nonzero). Background operation implies that screen
          output should not be done and that all errors should be fatal.

   int ckxech;
          Flag for who is to echo console typein:
          1: The program (system is not echoing).
          0: The OS, front end, terminal, etc (not this program).

   char *ckxsys;
          Pointer to string that names the computer and operating system.
          Example: char *ckxsys = " NeXT Mach 1.0";
          Tells what computer system ckxv applies to. In UNIX Kermit, this
          variable is also used to print the program herald, and in the
          SHOW VERSION command.

   char *ckxv;
          Pointer to version/edit info of ck?tio.c module.
          Example: char *ckxv = "UNIX Communications Support, 6.0.169, 6
          Sep 96";
          Used by SHOW VERSION command.

   char *ckzsys;
          Like ckxsys, but briefer.
          Example: char *ckzsys = " 4.3 BSD";
          Tells what platform ckzv applies to. Used by the SHOW VERSION
          command.

   char *ckzv;
          Pointer to version/edit info of ck?fio.c module.
          Example: char *ckzv = "UNIX File support, 6.0.113, 6 Sep 96";
          Used by SHOW VERSION command.

   int dfflow;
          Default flow control. 0 = none, 1 = Xon/Xoff, ... (see FLO_xxx
          symbols in ckcdeb.h)
          Set by Group E module. Used by [125]ckcmai.c to initialize flow
          control variable.

   int dfloc;
          Default location. 0 = remote, 1 = local. Set by Group E module.
          Used by ckcmai.c to initialize local variable. Used in various
          places in the user interface.

   int dfprty;
          Default parity. 0 = none, 'e' = even, 'o' = odd, 'm' = mark, 's'
          = space. Set by Group E module. Used by ckcmai.c to initialize
          parity variable.

   char *dftty;
          Default communication device. Set by Group E module. Used in
          many places. This variable should be initialized the symbol
          CTTNAM, which is defined in ckcdeb.h, e.g. as "/dev/tty" for
          UNIX, "TT:" for VMS, etc. Example: char *dftty = CTTNAM;

   char *mtchs[];
          Array of string pointers to filenames that matched the most
          recent wildcard match, i.e. the most recent call to zxpand().
          Used (at least) by command parsing package for partial filename
          completion.

   int tilde_expand;
          Flag for whether to attempt to expand leading tildes in
          directory names (used in UNIX only, and then only when the
          symbol DTILDE is defined.

   int ttnproto;
          The protocol being used to communicate over a network device.
          Values are defined in ckcnet.h. Example: NP_TELNET is network
          protocol "telnet".

   int maxnam;
          The maximum length for a filename, exclusive of any device or
          directory information, in the format of the host operating
          system.

   int maxpath;
          The maximum length for a fully specified filename, including
          device designator, directory name, network node name, etc, in
          the format of the host operating system, and including all
          punctuation.

   int ttyfd;
          File descriptor of the communication device. -1 if there is no
          open or usable connection, including when C-Kermit is in remote
          mode. Since this is not implemented everywhere, references to it
          are in #ifdef CK_TTYFD..#endif.

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4.E.2. Functions

   These are divided into three categories: file-related functions (B.1),
   communication functions (B.2), and miscellaneous functions (B.3).

4.E.2.1. File-Related Functions

   In most implementations, these are collected together into a module
   called ck?fio.c, where ? = "u" ([129]ckutio.c for Unix), "v"
   ([130]ckvtio.c for VMS), [131]etc. To be totally platform-independent,
   C-Kermit maintains its own file numbers, and provides the functions
   described in this section to deal with the files associated with them.
   The file numbers are referred to symbolically, and are defined as
   follows in ckcker.h:

  #define ZCTERM      0           /* Console terminal */
  #define ZSTDIO      1           /* Standard input/output */
  #define ZIFILE      2           /* Current input file for SEND command */
  #define ZOFILE      3           /* Current output file for RECEIVE command */
  #define ZDFILE      4           /* Current debugging log file */
  #define ZTFILE      5           /* Current transaction log file */
  #define ZPFILE      6           /* Current packet log file */
  #define ZSFILE      7           /* Current session log file */
  #define ZSYSFN      8           /* Input from a system function (pipe) */
  #define ZRFILE      9           /* Local file for READ command */  (NEW)
  #define ZWFILE     10           /* Local file for WRITE command */ (NEW)
  #define ZMFILE     11           /* Auxiliary file for internal use */ (NEW)
  #define ZNFILS     12           /* How many defined file numbers */

   In the descriptions below, fn refers to a filename, and n refers to one
   of these file numbers. Functions are of type int unless otherwise
   noted, and are listed mostly alphabetically.

   int
          chkfn(n) int n;
          Checks the file number n. Returns:
           -1: File number n is out of range
            0: n is in range, but file is not open
            1: n in range and file is open

   int
          iswild(filspec) char *filespec;
          Checks if the file specification is "wild", i.e. contains
          metacharacters or other notations intended to match multiple
          filenames. Returns:
            0: not wild
            1: wild.

   int
          isdir(string) char *string;
          Checks if the string is the name of an existing directory. The
          idea is to check whether the string can be "cd'd" to, so in some
          cases (e.g. DOS) it might also indicate any file structured
          device, such as a disk drive (like A:). Other nonzero returns
          indicate system-dependent information; e.g. in VMS
          isdir("[.FOO]") returns 1 but isdir("FOO.DIR;1") returns 2 to
          indicate the directory-file name is in a format that needs
          conversion before it can be combined with a filename. Returns:
            0: not a directory (including any kind of error)
            1: it is an existing directory

   char *
          zfcdat(name) char *name;
          Returns modification (preferably, otherwise creation) date/time
          of file whose name is given in the argument string. Return value
          is a pointer to a string of the form yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss, for
          example 19931231 23:59:59, which represents the local time (no
          timezone or daylight savings time finagling required). Returns
          the null string ("") on failure. The text pointed to by the
          string pointer might be in a static buffer, and so should be
          copied to a safe place by the caller before any subsequent calls
          to this function.

   struct zfnfp *
          zfnqfp(fn, buflen, buf) char * fn; int buflen; char * buf;
          Given the filename fn, the corresponding fully qualified,
          absolute filename is placed into the buffer buf, whose length is
          buflen. On failure returns a NULL pointer. On success returns a
          pointer to a struct zfnfp containing pointers to the full
          pathname and to just the filename, and an int giving the length
          of the full pathname. All references to this function in
          mainline code must be protected by #ifdef ZFNQFP..#endif,
          because it is not present in all of the ck*fio.c modules. So if
          you implement this function in a version that did not have it
          before, be sure to add #define ZFNQFP in the appropriate spot in
          ckcdeb.h or in the build-procedure CFLAGS.

   int
          zcmpfn(s1,s2) char * s2, * s2;
          Compares two filenames to see if they refer to the same.
          Internally, the arguments can be converted to fully qualified
          pathnames, e.g. with zfnqfp(), realpath(), or somesuch. In Unix
          or other systems where symbolic links exist, the link should be
          resolved before making the comparison or looking at the inodes.
          Returns:
            0: Files are not identical.
            1: Files are identical.

   int
          zfseek(pos) long pos;
          Positions the input pointer on the current input file to the
          given position. The pos argument is 0-based, the offset
          (distance in bytes) from beginning of the file. Needed for
          RESEND, PSEND, and other recovery operations. This function is
          not necessarily possible on all systems, e.g. record-oriented
          systems. It should only be used on binary files (i.e. files we
          are sending in binary mode) and stream-oriented file systems.
          Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: On success.

   int
          zchdir(dirnam) char *dirnam;
          Changes current or default directory to the one given in dirnam.
          Returns:
            0: On failure.
            1: on success.

   long
          zchki(fn) char *fn;
          Check to see if file with name fn is a regular, readable,
          existing file, suitable for Kermit to send -- not a directory,
          not a symbolic link, etc. Returns:
           -3: if file exists but is not accessible (e.g. read-protected);
           -2: if file exists but is not of a readable type (e.g. a
          directory);
           -1: on error (e.g. file does not exist, or fn is garbage);
          >=0: (length of file) if file exists and is readable.
          Also see isdir(), zgetfs().

   int
          zchkpid(pid) unsigned long pid;
          Returns:
            1: If the given process ID (e.g. pid in UNIX) is valid and
          active
            0: otherwise.

   long
          zgetfs(fn) char *fn;
          Gets the size of the given file, regardless of accessibility.
          Used for directory listings. Unlike zchki(), should return the
          size of any kind of file, even a directory. zgetfs() also should
          serve as a mini "get file info" function that can be used until
          we design a better one, by also setting some global variables:
            int zgfs_link   = 1/0 = file is (not) a symbolic link.
            int zgfs_dir    = 1/0 = file is (not) a directory.
            char linkname[] = if zgfs_link != 0, name of file link points
          to.
          Returns:
           -1: on error (e.g. file does not exist, or fn is garbage);
          >=0: (length of file) if file exists and is readable.

   int
          zchko(fn) char *fn;
          Checks to see if a file of the given name can be created.
          Returns:
           -1: if file cannot be created, or on any kind of error.
            0: if file can be created.

   int
          zchkspa(fn,len) char *f; long len;
          Checks to see if there is sufficient space to store the file
          named fn, which is len bytes long. If you can't write a function
          to do this, then just make a dummy that always returns 1; higher
          level code will recover from disk-full errors. The receiving
          Kermit uses this function to refuse an incoming file based on
          its size, via the attribute mechanism. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: if there is not enough space.
            1: if there is enough space.

   int
          zchin(n,c) int n; int *c;
          Gets a character from file number n, return it in c (call with
          &c). Returns:
           -1: on failure, including EOF.
            0: on success with character in c.

   int
          zchout(n,c) int n; char c;
          Writes the character c to file number n. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          zclose(n) int n;
          Closes file number n. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            1: on success.

   int
          zdelet(fn) char *name;
          Attempts to delete (remove, erase) the named file. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            1: if file was deleted successfully.

   char *
          zgperm(char * f)
          Returns a pointer to the system-dependent numeric
          permissions/protection string for file f, or NULL upon failure.
          Used if CK_PERMS is defined.

   char *
          ziperm(char * f)
          Returns a pointer to the system-dependent symbolic
          permissions/protection string for file f, or NULL upon failure.
          Used if CK_PERMS is defined. Example: In UNIX zgperm(f) might
          return "100770", but ziperm() might return "-rwxrwx---". In VMS,
          zgperm() would return a hexadecimal string, but ziperm() would
          return something like "(RWED,RWED,RE,)".

   char *
          zgtdir()
          Returns a pointer to the name of the current directory, folder,
          etc, or a NULL pointer if the current directory cannot be
          determined. If possible, the directory specification should be
          (a) fully specified, e.g. as a complete pathname, and (b) be
          suitable for appending a filename. Thus, for example, Unix
          directory names should end with '/'. VMS directory names should
          look like DEV:[NAME] (rather than, say, NAME.DIR;1).

   char *
          zhome()
          Returns a pointer to a string containing the user's home
          directory, or NULL upon error. Should be formatted like zgtdir()
          (q.v.).

   int
          zinfill()
          Fill buffer from input file. This function is used by the macro
          zminchar(), which is defined in ckcker.h. zminchar() manages its
          own buffer, and calls zinfill() to fill it whenever it becomes
          empty. It is used only for sending files, and reads characters
          only from file number ZIFILE. zinfill() returns -1 upon end of
          file, -2 upon fatal error, and -3 upon timeout (e.g. when
          reading from a pipe); otherwise it returns the first character
          from the buffer it just read.

   int
          zkself()
          Kills the current job, session, process, etc, logs out,
          disappears. Used by the Kermit server when it receives a BYE
          command. On failure, returns -1. On success, does not return at
          all! This function should not be called until all other steps
          have been taken to close files, etc.

   VOID
          zstrip(fn,&fn2) char *fn1, **fn2;
          Strips device and directory, etc, from file specification fn,
          leaving only the filename (including "extension" or "filetype"
          -- the part after the dot). For example DUA0:[PROGRAMS]OOFA.C;3
          becomes OOFA.C, or /usr/fdc/oofa.c becomes oofa.c. Returns a
          pointer to result in fn2.

   int
          zsetperm(char * file, unsigned int code)
          Set permissions of file to given system-dependent code.   0: On
          failure.
            1: on success.

   int
          zsetroot(char * dir)
          Sets the root for the user's file access, like Unix chroot(),
          but does not require privilege. In Unix, this must be
          implemented entirely by Kermit's own file access routines.
          Returns:
            1: Success
           -1: Invalid argument
           -2:
           -3: Internal error
           -4: Access to given directory denied
           -5: New root not within old root

   int
          zinroot(char * file)
          If no root is set (zsetroot()), returns 1.
          Otherwise, if given file is in the root, returns 1.
          Otherwise, returns 0.

   VOID
          zltor(fn,fn2) char *fn1, *fn2;
          Local-To-Remote filename translation. OBSOLETE: replaced by
          nzltor() (q.v.). Translates the local filename fn into a format
          suitable for transmission to an arbitrary type of computer, and
          copies the result into the buffer pointed to by fn2. Translation
          may involve (a) stripping the device and/or directory/path name,
          (b) converting lowercase to uppercase, (c) removing spaces and
          strange characters, or converting them to some innocuous
          alphabetic character like X, (d) discarding or converting extra
          periods (there should not be more than one). Does its best.
          Returns no value. name2 is a pointer to a buffer, furnished by
          the caller, into which zltor() writes the resulting name. No
          length checking is done.

   #ifdef NZLTOR
          VOID
          nzltor(fn,fn2,convert,pathnames,max) char *fn1,*fn2; int
          convert,pathnames,max;
          Replaces zltor(). This new version handles pathnames and checks
          length. fn1 and fn2 are as in zltor(). This version is called
          unconditionally for each file, rather than only when filename
          conversion is enabled. Pathnames can have the following values:

            PATH_OFF: Pathname, if any, is to be stripped
            PATH_REL: The relative pathname is to be included
            PATH_ABS: The full pathname is to be included

          After handling pathnames, conversion is done to the result as in
          the zltor() description if convert != 0; if relative or absolute
          pathnames are included, they are converted to UNIX format, i.e.
          with slash (/) as the directory separator. The max parameter
          specifies the maximum size of fn2. If convert > 0, the regular
          conversions are done; if convert < 0, minimal conversions are
          done (we skip uppercasing the letters, we allow more than one
          period, etc; this can be used when we know our partner is UNIX
          or similar).

   #endif /* NZLTOR */

   int
          nzxpand(fn,flags) char *fn; int flags;
          Replaces zxpand(), which is obsolete as of C-Kermit 7.0.
          Call with:
            fn = Pointer to filename or pattern.
            flags = option bits:
              flags & ZX_FILONLY  Match regular files
              flags & ZX_DIRONLY  Match directories
              flags & ZX_RECURSE  Descend through directory tree
              flags & ZX_MATCHDOT Match "dot files"
              flags & ZX_NOBACKUP Don't match "backup files"
              flags & ZX_NOLINKS  Don't follow symlinks.

          Returns the number of files that match fn, with data structures
          set up so the first file (if any) will be returned by the next
          znext() call. If ZX_FILONLY and ZX_DIRONLY are both set, or
          neither one is set, files and directories are matched. Notes:

         1. It is essential that the number returned by nzxpand() reflect
            the actual number of filenames that will be returned by
            znext() calls. In other words:
  for (n = nzxpand(string,flags); n > 0; n--) {
      znext(buf);
      printf("%s\n", buf);
  }

            should print all the file names; no more, no less.
         2. In UNIX, DOS, OS-9, etc, where directories contain entries for
            themselves (.) and the superior directory (..), these should
            NOT be included in the list under any circumstances, including
            when ZX_MATCHDOT is set.
         3. Additional option bits might be added in the future, e.g. for
            sorting (sort by date/name/size, reverse/ascending, etc).
            Currently this is done only in higher level code (through a
            hack in which the nzxpand() exports its filename array, which
            is not portable because not all OS's can use this mechanism).

   int
          zmail(addr,fn) char *addr, fn;
          Send the local, existing file fn as e-mail to the address addr.
          Returns:
            0: on success
            2: if mail delivered but temp file can't be deleted
           -2: if mail can't be delivered

   int
          zmkdir(path) char *path;
          The path can be a file specification that might contain
          directory information, in which the filename is expected to be
          included, or an unambiguous directory specification (e.g. in
          UNIX it must end with "/"). This routine attempts to create any
          directories in the given path that don't already exist. Returns
          0 or greater success: no directories needed creation, or else
          all directories that needed creation were created successfully;
          the return code is the number of directories that were created.
          Returns -1 on failure to create any of the needed directories.

   int
          zrmdir(path) char *path;
          Attempts to remove the given directory. Returns 0 on success, -1
          on failure. The detailed semantics are open -- should it fail if
          the directory contains any files or subdirectories, etc. It is
          probably best for this routine to behave in whatever manner is
          customary on the underlying platform; e.g. in UNIX, VMS, DOS,
          etc, where directories can not be removed unless they are empty.

   VOID
          znewn(fn,s) char *fn, **s;
          Transforms the name fn into a filename that is guaranteed to be
          unique. If the file fn does not exist, then the new name is the
          same as fn; Otherwise, it's different. this function does its
          best, returns no value. New name is created in caller's space.
          Call like this: znewn(old,&new);. The second parameter is a
          pointer to the new name. This pointer is set by znewn() to point
          to a static string in its own space, so be sure to the result to
          a safe place before calling this function again.

   int
          znext(fn) char *fn;
          Copies the next file name from a file list created by zxpand()
          into the string pointed to by fn (see zxpand). If no more files,
          then the null string is placed there. Returns 0 if there are no
          more filenames, with 0th element the array pointed to by fn set
          to NUL. If there is a filename, it is stored in the array
          pointed to by fn and a positive number is returned. NOTE: This
          is a change from earlier definitions of this function
          (pre-1999), which returned the number of files remaining; thus 0
          was the return value when returning the final file. However, no
          mainline code ever depended on the return value, so this change
          should be safe.

   int
          zopeni(n,fn) int n; char *fn;
          Opens the file named fn for input as file number n. Returns:
            0: on failure.
            1: on success.

   int
          zopeno(n,fn,zz,fcb) int n; char *name; struct zattr *zz; struct
          filinfo *fcb;
          Attempts to open the named file for output as file number n. zz
          is a Kermit file attribute structure as defined in ckcdeb.h,
          containing various information about the file, including its
          size, creation date, and so forth. This function should attempt
          to honor as many of these as possible. fcb is a "file control
          block" in the traditional sense, defined in ckcdeb.h, containing
          information relevant to complicated file systems like VMS (RMS),
          IBM MVS, etc, like blocksize, record length, organization,
          record format, carriage control, etc. Returns:
            0: on failure.
            1: on success.

   int
          zoutdump()
          Dumps a file output buffer. Used with the macro zmchout()
          defined in ckcker.h. Used only with file number ZOFILE, i.e. the
          file that is being received by Kermit during file transfer.
          Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          zprint(p,fn) char *p, *f;
          Prints the file with name fn on a local printer, with options p.
          Returns:
            0: on success
            3: if file sent to printer but can't be deleted
           -3: if file can't be printed

   int
          zrename(fn,fn2) char *fn, *fn2;
          Changes the name of file fn to fn2. If fn2 is the name of an
          existing directory, or a file-structured device, then file fn is
          moved to that directory or device, keeping its original name. If
          fn2 lacks a directory separator when passed to this function, an
          appropriate one is supplied. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          zcopy(source,dest) char * source, * dest;
          Copies the source file to the destination. One file only. No
          wildcards. The destination string may be a filename or a
          directory name. Returns:
            0: on success.
           <0: on failure:
            -2: source file is not a regular file.
            -3: source file not found.
            -4: permission denied.
            -5: source and destination are the same file.
            -6: i/o error.
            -1: other error.

   char *
          zlocaltime(char *)
          Call with: "yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss" GMT/UTC date-time. Returns
          pointer to local date-time string "yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss" on
          success, NULL on failure.

   VOID
          zrtol(fn,fn2) char *fn, *fn2;
          Remote-To-Local filename translation. OBSOLETE: replaced by
          nzrtol(). Translates a "standard" filename to a local filename.
          For example, in Unix this function might convert an
          all-uppercase name to lowercase, but leave lower- or mix-case
          names alone. Does its best, returns no value. New name is in
          string pointed to by fn2. No length checking is done.

   #ifdef NZLTOR
   int
          nzrtol(fn,fn2,convert,pathnames,max) char *fn1,*fn2; int
          convert,pathnames,max;
          Replaces zrtol. Like zrtol but handles pathnames and checks
          length. See nzltor for detailed description of parameters.

   #endif /* NZLTOR */

   int
          zsattr(xx) struct zattr *xx;
          Fills in a Kermit file attribute structure for the file which is
          to be sent, namely the currently open ZIFILE. Note that this is
          not a very good design, but we're stuck with it. Callers must
          ensure that zsattr() is called only on real files, not on pipes,
          internally generated file-like objects such as server REMOTE
          command responses, etc. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success with the structure filled in.
          If any string member is null, it should be ignored by the
          caller.
          If any numeric member is -1, it should be ignored by the caller.

   int
          zshcmd(s) char *s;
          s contains to pointer to a command to be executed by the host
          computer's shell, command parser, or operating system. If the
          system allows the user to choose from a variety of command
          processors (shells), then this function should employ the user's
          preferred shell. If possible, the user's job (environment,
          process, etc) should be set up to catch keyboard interruption
          signals to allow the user to halt the system command and return
          to Kermit. The command must run in ordinary, unprivileged user
          mode. If possible, this function should return -1 on failure to
          start the command, or else it should return 1 if the command
          succeeded and 0 if it failed.

   int
          pexitstatus
          zshcmd() and zsyscmd() should set this to the command's actual
          exit status code if possible.

   int
          zsyscmd(s) char *s;
          s contains to pointer to a command to be executed by the host
          computer's shell, command parser, or operating system. If the
          system allows the user to choose from a variety of command
          processors (shells), then this function should employ the system
          standard shell (e.g. /bin/sh for Unix), so that the results will
          always be the same for everybody. If possible, the user's job
          (environment, process, etc) should be set up to catch keyboard
          interruption signals to allow the user to halt the system
          command and return to Kermit. The command must run in ordinary,
          unprivileged user mode. If possible, this function should return
          -1 on failure to start the command, or else it should return 1
          if the command succeeded and 0 if it failed.

   VOID
          z_exec(s,args) char * s; char * args[];
          This one executes the command s (which is searched for using the
          system's normal searching mechanism, such as PATH in UNIX), with
          the given argument vector, which follows the conventions of UNIX
          argv[]: the name of the command pointed to by element 0, the
          first arg by element 1, and so on. A null args[] pointer
          indicates the end of the argument list. All open files must
          remain open so the exec'd process can use them. Returns only if
          unsuccessful.

   int
          zsinl(n,s,x) int n, x; char *s;
          Reads a line from file number n. Writes the line into the
          address s provided by the caller. Writing terminates when
          newline is read, but with newline discarded. Writing also
          terminates upon EOF or if length x is exhausted. Returns:
           -1: on EOF or error.
            0: on success.

   int
          zsout(n,s) int n; char *s;
          Writes the string s out to file number n. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          zsoutl(n,s) int n; char *s;
          Writes the string s out to file number n and adds a line
          (record) terminator (boundary) appropriate for the system and
          the file format. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          zsoutx(n,s,x) int n, x; char *s;
          Writes exactly x characters from string s to file number n. If s
          has fewer than x characters, then the entire string s is
          written. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
          >= 0: on success, the number of characters actually written.

   int
          zstime(fn,yy,x) char *fn; struct zattr *yy; int x;
          Sets the creation date (and other attributes) of an existing
          file, or compares a file's creation date with a given date. Call
          with:

   fn: pointer to name of existing file.
   yy: Pointer to a Kermit file attribute structure in which yy->date.val
   is a date of the form yyyymmdd hh:mm:ss, e.g. 19900208 13:00:00, which
   is to be used for setting or comparing the file date. Other attributes
   in the struct can also be set, such as the protection/permission (See
   [132]Appendix I), when it makes sense (e.g. "yy->lprotect.val" can be
   set if the remote system ID matches the local one).
    x: A function code: 0 means to set the file's creation date as given.
   1 means compare the date from the yy struct with the file's date.

          Returns:
           -1: on any kind of error.
            0: if x is 0 and the file date was set successfully.
            0: if x is 1 and date from attribute structure > file creation
          date.
            1: if x is 1 and date from attribute structure <= file
          creation date.

   VOID
          zstrip(name,name2) char *name, **name2;
          Strips pathname from filename "name". Constructs the resulting
          string in a static buffer in its own space and returns a pointer
          to it in name2. Also strips device name, file version numbers,
          and other "non-name" material.

   int
          zxcmd(n,s) char *s;
          Runs a system command so its output can be accessed as if it
          were file n. The command is run in ordinary, unprivileged user
          mode.
          If n is ZSTDIO or ZCTERM, returns -1.
          If n is ZIFILE or ZRFILE, then Kermit reads from the command,
          otherwise Kermit writes to the command.
          Returns 0 on error, 1 on success.

   int
          zxpand(fn) char *fn;
          OBSOLETE: Replaced by nzxpand(), q.v.

   #ifdef ZXREWIND
   int
          zxrewind()
          Returns the number of files returned by the most recent
          nzxpand() call, and resets the list to the beginning so the next
          znext() call returns the first file. Returns -1 if zxpand has
          not yet been called. If this function is available, ZXREWIND
          should be defined; otherwise it should not be referenced.

   #endif /* ZXREWIND */

   int
          xsystem(cmd) char *cmd;
          Executes the system command without redirecting any of its i/o,
          similar (well, identical) to system() in Unix. But before
          passing the command to the system, xsystem() ensures that all
          privileges are turned off, so that the system command executes
          in ordinary unprivileged user mode. If possible, xsystem()
          returns the return code of the command that was executed.

4.E.2.2. IKSD Variables and Functions

   These must be implemented in any C-Kermit version that is to be
   installed as an Internet Kermit Service Daemon (IKSD). IKSD is expected
   to be started by the Internet Daemon (e.g. inetd) with its standard i/o
   redirected to the incoming connection.

   int ckxanon;
          Nonzero if anonymous logins allowed.

   extern int inserver;
          Nonzero if started in IKSD mode.

   extern int isguest;
          Nonzero if IKSD and user logged in anonymously.

   extern char * homdir;
          Pointer to user's home directory.

   extern char * anonroot;
          Pointer to file-system root for anonymous users.

   Existing functions must make "if (inserver && isguest)" checks for
   actions that would not be legal for guests: zdelete(), zrmdir(),
   zprint(), zmail(), etc.

   int
          zvuser(name) char * name;
          Verifies that user "name" exists and is allowed to log in. If
          the name is "ftp" or "anonymous" and ckxanon != 0, a guest login
          is set up. Returns 0 if user not allowed to log in, nonzero if
          user may log in.

   int
          zvpass(string) char * string;
          Verifies password of the user from the most recent zvuser()
          call. Returns nonzero if password is valid for user, 0 if it
          isn't. Makes any appropriate system log entries (IKSD logins,
          failed login attempts, etc). If password is valid, logs the user
          in as herself (if real user), or sets up restricted anonymous
          access if user is guest (e.g. changes file-system root to
          anonroot and sets isguest = 1).

   VOID
          zsyslog()
          Begins any desired system logging of an IKSD session.

   VOID
          zvlogout()
          Terminates an IKSD session. In most cases this is simply a
          wrapper for exit() or doexit(), with some system logging added.

4.E.2.3. Privilege Functions

   These functions are used by C-Kermit to adapt itself to operating
   systems where the program can be made to run in a "privileged" mode,
   e.g. setuid or setgid in Unix. C-Kermit should NOT read and write files
   or start subprocesses as a privileged program. This would present a
   serious threat to system security. The security package has been
   installed to prevent such security breaches by turning off the
   program's special privileges at all times except when they are needed.

   In UNIX, the only need Kermit has for privileged status is access to
   the UUCP lockfile directory, in order to read, create, and destroy
   lockfiles, and to open communication devices that are normally
   protected against the user (see the [133]Unix C-Kermit Installation
   Instructions for discussion). Therefore, privileges should only be
   enabled for these operations and disabled at all other times. This
   relieves the programmer of the responsibility of putting expensive and
   unreliable access checks around every file access and subprocess
   creation.

   Strictly speaking, these functions are not required in all C-Kermit
   implementations, because their use (so far, at least) is internal to
   the Group E modules. However, they should be included in all C-Kermit
   implementations for operating systems that support the notion of a
   privileged program (UNIX, RSTS/E, what others?).

   int
          priv_ini()
          Determine whether the program is running in privileged status.
          If so, turn off the privileges, in such a way that they can be
          turned on again when needed. Called from sysinit() at program
          startup time. Returns:
            0 on success
            nonzero on failure, in which case the program should halt
          immediately.

   int
          priv_on()
          If the program is not privileged, this function does nothing. If
          the program is privileged, this function returns it to
          privileged status. priv_ini() must have been called first.
          Returns:
            0 on success
            nonzero on failure

   int
          priv_off()
          Turns privileges off (if they are on) in such a way that they
          can be turned back on again. Returns:
            0 on success
            nonzero on failure

   int
          priv_can()
          Turns privileges off in such a way that they cannot be turned
          back on. Returns:
            0 on success
            nonzero on failure

   int
          priv_chk()
          Attempts to turns privileges off in such a way that they can be
          turned on again later. Then checks to make sure that they were
          really turned off. If they were not really turned off, then they
          are canceled permanently. Returns:
            0 on success
            nonzero on failure

4.E.2.4. Console-Related Functions

   These relate to the program's "console", or controlling terminal, i.e.
   the terminal that the user is logged in on and types commands at, or on
   a PC or workstation, the actual keyboard and screen.

   int
          conbin(esc) char esc;
          Puts the console into "binary" mode, so that Kermit's command
          parser can control echoing and other treatment of characters
          that the user types. esc is the character that will be used to
          get Kermit's attention during packet mode; puts this in a global
          place. Sets the ckxech variable. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          concb(esc) char esc;
          Put console in "cbreak" (single-character wakeup) mode. That is,
          ensure that each console character is available to the program
          immediately when the user types it. Otherwise just like
          conbin(). Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          conchk()
          Returns a number, 0 or greater, the number of characters waiting
          to be read from the console, i.e. the number of characters that
          the user has typed that have not been read yet by Kermit.

   long
          congspd();
          Returns the speed ("baud rate") of the controlling terminal, if
          known, otherwise -1L.

   int
          congks(timo) int timo;
          Get Keyboard Scancode. Reads a keyboard scan code from the
          physical console keyboard. If the timo parameter is greater than
          zero, then times out and returns -2 if no character appears
          within the given number of seconds. Upon any other kind of
          error, returns -1. Upon success returns a scan code, which may
          be any positive integer. For situations where scan codes cannot
          be read (for example, when an ASCII terminal is used as the
          job's controlling terminal), this function is identical to
          coninc(), i.e. it returns an 8-bit character value. congks() is
          for use with workstations whose keyboards have Alternate,
          Command, Option, and similar modifier keys, and Function keys
          that generate codes greater than 255.

   int
          congm()
          Console get modes. Gets the current console terminal modes and
          saves them so that conres() can restore them later. Returns 1 if
          it got the modes OK, 0 if it did nothing (e.g. because Kermit is
          not connected with any terminal), -1 on error.

   int
          coninc(timo) int timo;
          Console Input Character. Reads a character from the console. If
          the timo parameter is greater than zero, then coninc() times out
          and returns -2 if no character appears within the given number
          of seconds. Upon any other kind of error, returns -1. Upon
          success, returns the character itself, with a value in the range
          0-255 decimal.

   VOID
          conint(f,s) SIGTYP (*f)(), (*s)();
          Sets the console to generate an interrupt if the user types a
          keyboard interrupt character, and to transfer control the
          signal-handling function f. For systems with job control, s is
          the address of the function that suspends the job. Sets the
          global variable "backgrd" to zero if Kermit is running in the
          foreground, and to nonzero if Kermit is running in the
          background. See ckcdeb.h for the definition of SIGTYP. No return
          value.

   VOID
          connoi()
          Console no interrupts. Disable keyboard interrupts on the
          console. No return value.

   int
          conoc(c) char c;
          Writes character c to the console terminal. Returns:
          0 on failure, 1 on success.

   int
          conol(s) char *s;
          Writes string s to the console. Returns -1 on error, 0 or
          greater on success.

   int
          conola(s) char *s[]; {
          Writes an array of strings to the console. Returns -1 on error,
          0 or greater on success.

   int
          conoll(s) char *s;
          Writes string s to the console, followed by the necessary line
          termination characters to put the console cursor at the
          beginning of the next line. Returns -1 on error, 0 or greater on
          success.

   int
          conres()
          Restores the console terminal to the modes obtained by congm().
          Returns: -1 on error, 0 on success.

   int
          conxo(x,s) int x; char *s;
          Write x characters from string s to the console. Returns 0 or
          greater on success, -1 on error.

   char *
          conkbg();
          Returns a pointer to the designator of the console keyboard
          type. For example, on a PC, this function would return "88",
          "101", etc. Upon failure, returns a pointer to the empty string.

4.E.2.5. Communications Functions

   The communication device is the device used for terminal emulation and
   file transfer. It may or may not be the same device as the console, and
   it may or may not be a terminal (serial-port) device; it could also be
   a network connection. For brevity, the communication device is referred
   to here as the "tty". When the communication device is the same as the
   console device, Kermit is said to be in remote mode. When the two
   devices are different, Kermit is in local mode.

   int
          ttchk()
          Returns the number of characters that have arrived at the
          communication device but have not yet been read by ttinc(),
          ttinl(), and friends. If communication input is buffered (and it
          should be), this is the sum of the number of unread characters
          in Kermit's buffer PLUS the number of unread characters in the
          operating system's internal buffer. The call must be
          nondestructive and nonblocking, and as inexpensive as possible.
          Returns:
            0: or greater on success,
            0: in case of internal error,
           -1: or less when it determines the connection has been broken,
          or there is no connection.

          That is, a negative return from ttchk() should reliably indicate
          that there is no usable connection. Furthermore, ttchk() should
          be callable at any time to see if the connection is open. When
          the connection is open, every effort must be made to ensure that
          ttchk returns an accurate number of characters waiting to be
          read, rather than just 0 (no characters) or 1 (1 or more
          characters), as would be the case when we use select(). This
          aspect of ttchk's operation is critical to successful operation
          of sliding windows and streaming, but "nondestructive buffer
          peeking" is an obscure operating system feature, and so when it
          is not available, we have to do it ourselves by managing our own
          internal buffer at a level below ttinc(), ttinl(), etc, as in
          the UNIX version (non-FIONREAD case).

          An external global variable, clsondisc, if nonzero, means that
          if a serial connection drops (carrier on-to-off transition
          detected by ttchk()), the device should be closed and released
          automatically.

   int
          ttclos()
          Closes the communication device (tty or network). If there were
          any kind of exclusive access locks connected with the tty, these
          are released. If the tty has a modem connection, it is hung up.
          For true tty devices, the original tty device modes are
          restored. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          ttflui()
          Flush communications input buffer. If any characters have
          arrived but have not yet been read, discard these characters. If
          communications input is buffered by Kermit (and it should be),
          this function flushes Kermit's buffer as well as the operating
          system's internal input buffer. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   int
          ttfluo()
          Flush tty output buffer. If any characters have been written but
          not actually transmitted (e.g. because the system has been
          flow-controlled), remove them from the system's output buffer.
          (Note, this function is not actually used, but it is recommended
          that all C-Kermit programmers add it for future use, even if it
          is only a dummy function that returns 0 always.)

   int
          ttgmdm()
          Looks for the modem signals CTS, DSR, and CTS, and returns those
          that are on in as its return value, in a bit mask as described
          for ttwmdm, in which a bit is on (1) or off (0) according to
          whether the corresponding signal is on (asserted) or off (not
          asserted). Return values:
           -3: Not implemented
           -2: if the line does not have modem control
           -1: on error
          >=0: on success, with bit mask containing the modem signals.

   long
          ttgspd()
          Returns the current tty speed in BITS (not CHARACTERS) per
          second, or -1 if it is not known or if the tty is really a
          network, or upon any kind of error. On success, the speed
          returned is the actual number of bits per second, like 1200,
          9600, 19200, etc.

   int
          ttgwsiz()
          Get terminal window size. Returns -1 on error, 0 if the window
          size can't be obtained, 1 if the window size has been
          successfully obtained. Upon success, the external global
          variables tt_rows and tt_cols are set to the number of screen
          rows and number of screen columns, respectively. As this
          function is not implemented in all ck*tio.c modules, calls to it
          must be wrapped in #ifdef CK_TTGWSIZ..#endif. NOTE: This
          function must be available to use the TELNET NAWS feature
          (Negotiate About Window Size) as well as Rlogin.

   int
          tthang()
          Hang up the current tty device. For real tty devices, turn off
          DTR for about 1/3-1/2 second (or other length of time, depending
          on the system). If the tty is really a network connection, close
          it. Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: if it does not even try to hang up.
            1: if it believes it hung up successfully.

   VOID
          ttimoff()
          Turns off all pending timer interrupts.

   int
          ttinc(timo) int timo; (function is old, return codes are new)
          Reads one character from the communication device. If timo is
          greater than zero, wait the given number of seconds and then
          time out if no character arrives, otherwise wait forever for a
          character. Returns:
           -3: internal error (e.g. tty modes set wrong)
           -2: communications disconnect
           -1: timeout or other error
          >=0: the character that was read.
          It is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that ttinc() be internally buffered so
          that calls to it are relatively inexpensive. If it is possible
          to to implement ttinc() as a macro, all the better, for example
          something like:

  #define ttinc(t) ( (--txbufn >= 0) ? txbuf[ttbufp++] : txbufr(t) )

          (see description of txbufr() below)

   int
          ttinl(dest,max,timo,eol,start,turn) int max,timo,turn; CHAR
          *dest, eol, start;
          ttinl() is Kermit's packet reader. Reads a packet from the
          communications device, or up to max characters, whichever occurs
          first. A line is a string of characters starting with the start
          character up to and including the character given in eol or
          until the length is exhausted, or, if turn != 0, until the line
          turnaround character (turn) is read. If turn is 0, ttinl()
          *should* use the packet length field to detect the end, to allow
          for the possibility that the eol character appears unprefixed in
          the packet data. (The turnaround character is for half-duplex
          linemode connections.)

          If timo is greater than zero, ttinl() times out if the eol
          character is not encountered within the given number of seconds
          and returns -1.

          The characters that were input are copied into "dest" with their
          parity bits stripped if parity is not none. The first character
          copied into dest should be the start character, and the last
          should be the final character of the packet (the last block
          check character). ttinl() should also absorb and discard the eol
          and turn characters, and any other characters that are waiting
          to be read, up until the next start character, so that
          subsequent calls to ttchk() will not succeed simply because
          there are some terminators still sitting in the buffer that
          ttinl() didn't read. This operation, if performed, MUST NOT
          BLOCK (so if it can't be performed in a guaranteed nonblocking
          way, don't do it).

          On success, ttinl() returns the number of characters read.
          Optionally, ttinl() can sense the parity of incoming packets. If
          it does this, then it should set the global variable ttprty
          accordingly. ttinl() should be coded to be as efficient as
          possible, since it is at the "inner loop" of packet reception.
          ttinl() returns:
           -1: Timeout or other possibly correctable error.
           -2: Interrupted from keyboard.
           -3: Uncorrectable i/o error -- connection lost, configuration
          problem, etc.
          >=0: on success, the number of characters that were actually
          read and placed in the dest buffer, not counting the trailing
          null.

   int
          ttoc(c) char c;
          Outputs the character c to the communication line. If the
          operation fails to complete within two seconds, this function
          returns -1. Otherwise it returns the number of characters
          actually written to the tty (0 or 1). This function should only
          be used for interactive, character-mode operations, like
          terminal connection, script execution, dialer i/o, where the
          overhead of the signals and alarms does not create a bottleneck.
          (THIS DESCRIPTION NEEDS IMPROVEMENT -- If the operation fails
          within a "certain amount of time"... which might be dependent on
          the communication method, speed, etc. In particular,
          flow-control deadlocks must be accounted for and broken out of
          to prevent the program from hanging indefinitely, etc.)

   int
          ttol(s,n) int n; char *s;
          Kermit's packet writer. Writes the n characters of the string
          pointed to to by s. NOTE: It is ttol's responsibility to write
          ALL of the characters, not just some of them. Returns:
           -1: on a possibly correctable error (so it can be retried).
           -3: on a fatal error, e.g. connection lost.
          >=0: on success, the actual number of characters written (the
          specific number is not actually used for anything).

   int
          ttopen(ttname,lcl,modem,timo) char *ttname; int *lcl, modem,
          timo;
          Opens a tty device, if it is not already open. ttopen must check
          to make sure the SAME device is not already open; if it is,
          ttopen returns successfully without doing anything. If a
          DIFFERENT device is currently open, ttopen() must call ttclos()
          to close it before opening the new one.

        Parameters:

              ttname:
                      character string - device name or network host name.

              lcl:
                      If called with lcl < 0, sets value of lcl as
                      follows:
                      0: the terminal named by ttname is the job's
                      controlling terminal.
                      1: the terminal named by ttname is not the job's
                      controlling terminal.
                      If the device is already open, or if the requested
                      device can't be opened, then lcl remains (and is
                      returned as) -1.

              modem:
                      Less than zero: this is the negative of the network
                      type, and ttname is a network host name. Network
                      types (from [134]ckcnet.h:

  NET_TCPB 1   TCP/IP Berkeley (socket)  (implemented in [135]ckutio.c)
  NET_TCPA 2   TCP/IP AT&T (streams)     (not yet implemented)
  NET_DEC  3   DECnet                    (not yet implemented)

                      Zero or greater: ttname is a terminal device name.
                      Zero means a direct connection (don't use modem
                      signals). Positive means use modem signals depending
                      on the current setting of ttcarr (see ttscarr()).

              timo:
                      > 0: number of seconds to wait for open() to return
                      before timing out.
                      <=0: no timer, wait forever (e.g. for incoming
                      call).
                      For real tty devices, ttopen() attempts to gain
                      exclusive access to the tty device, for example in
                      UNIX by creating a "lockfile" (in other operating
                      systems, like VMS, exclusive access probably
                      requires no special action).

        Side effects:
                Copies its arguments and the tty file descriptor to global
                variables that are available to the other tty-related
                functions, with the lcl value altered as described above.
                Gets all parameters and settings associated with the line
                and puts them in a global area, so that they can be
                restored by ttres(), e.g. when the device is closed.

        Returns:
                  0: on success
                 -5: if device is in use
                 -4: if access to device is denied
                 -3: if access to lock mechanism denied
                 -2: upon timeout waiting for device to open
                 -1: on other error

   int
          ttpkt(speed,flow,parity) long speed; int flow, parity;
          Puts the currently open tty device into the appropriate modes
          for transmitting and receiving Kermit packets.

        Arguments:

              speed:
                      if speed > -1, and the device is a true tty device,
                      and Kermit is in local mode, ttpkt also sets the
                      speed.

              flow:
                      if in the range 0-3, ttpkt selects the corresponding
                      type of flow control. Currently 0 is defined as no
                      flow control, 1 is Xon/Xoff, and no other types are
                      defined. If (and this is a horrible hack, but it
                      goes back many years and will be hard to eradicate)
                      flow is 4, then the appropriate tty modes are set
                      for modem dialing, a special case in which we talk
                      to a modem-controlled line without requiring
                      carrier. If flow is 5, then we require carrier.

              parity:
                      This is simply copied into a global variable so that
                      other functions (like ttinl, ttinc, etc) can use it.

        Side effects:
                Copies its arguments to global variables, flushes the
                terminal device input buffer.

        Returns:
                 -1: on error.
                  0: on success.

   int
          ttsetflow(int)
          Enables the given type of flow control on the open serial
          communications device immediately. Arguments are the FLO_xxx
          values from ckcdeb.h, except FLO_DIAL, FLO_DIAX, or FLO_AUTO,
          which are not actual flow-control types. Returns 0 on success,
          -1 on failure.

   #ifdef TTSPDLIST
   long *
          ttspdlist()
          Returns a pointer to an array of longs, or NULL on failure. On
          success, element 0 of the array contains number, n, indicating
          how many follow. Elements 1-n are serial speeds, expressed in
          bits per second, that are legal on this platform. The user
          interface may use this list to construct a menu, keyword table,
          etc.

   #endif /* TTSPDLIST */

   int
          ttres()
          Restores the tty device to the modes and settings that were in
          effect at the time it was opened (see ttopen). Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          ttruncmd(string) char * string;
          Runs the given command on the local system, but redirects its
          input and output to the communication (SET LINE, SET PORT, or
          SET HOST) device. Returns:
            0: on failure.
            1: on success.

   int
          ttscarr(carrier) int carrier;
          Copies its argument to a variable that is global to the other
          tty-related functions, and then returns it. The values for
          carrier are defined in ckcdeb.h: CAR_ON, CAR_OFF, CAR_AUTO.
          ttopen(), ttpkt(), and ttvt() use this variable when deciding
          how to open the tty device and what modes to select. The
          meanings are these:

   CAR_OFF: Ignore carrier at all times.
   CAR_ON: Require carrier at all times, except when dialing. This means,
   for example, that ttopen() could hang forever waiting for carrier if it
   is not present.
   CAR_AUTO: If the modem type is zero (i.e. the connection is direct),
   this is the same as CAR_OFF. If the modem type is positive, then heed
   carrier during CONNECT (ttvt mode), but ignore it at other times
   (packet mode, during SET LINE, etc). Compatible with pre-5A versions of
   C-Kermit. This should be the default carrier mode.

          Kermit's DIAL command ignores the carrier setting, but ttopen(),
          ttvt(), and ttpkt() all honor the carrier option in effect at
          the time they are called. None of this applies to remote mode
          (the tty device is the job's controlling terminal) or to network
          host connections (modem type is negative).

   int
          ttsndb()
          Sends a BREAK signal on the tty device. On a real tty device,
          send a real BREAK lasting approximately 275 milliseconds. If
          this is not possible, simulate a BREAK by (for example) dropping
          down some very low baud rate, like 50, and sending a bunch of
          null characters. On a network connection, do the appropriate
          network protocol for BREAK. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          ttsndlb()
          Like ttsndb(), but sends a "Long BREAK" (approx 1.5 seconds).
          For network connections, it is identical to ttsndb(). Currently,
          this function is used only if CK_LBRK is defined (as it is for
          UNIX and VMS).

   int
          ttsspd(cps) int cps;
          For serial devices only, set the device transmission speed to
          (note carefully) TEN TIMES the argument. The argument is in
          characters per second, but transmission speeds are in bits per
          second. cps are used rather than bps because high speeds like
          38400 are not expressible in a 16-bit int but longs cannot be
          used because keyword-table values are ints and not longs. If the
          argument is 7, then the bps is 75, not 70. If the argument is
          888, this is a special code for 75/1200 split-speed operation
          (75 bps out, 1200 bps in). Returns:
           -1: on error, meaning the requested speed is not valid or
          available.
          >=0: on success (don't try to use this value for anything).

   int
          ttvt(speed,flow) long speed; int flow;
          Puts the currently open tty device into the appropriate modes
          for terminal emulation. The arguments are interpreted as in
          ttpkt(). Side effects: ttvt() stores its arguments in global
          variables, and sets a flag that it has been called so that
          subsequent calls can be ignored so long as the arguments are the
          same as in the last effective call. Other functions, such as
          ttopen(), ttclose(), ttres(), ttvt(), etc, that change the tty
          device in any way must unset this flag. In UNIX Kermit, this
          flag is called tvtflg.

   int
          ttwmdm(mdmsig,timo) int mdmsig, timo;
          Waits up to timo seconds for all of the given modem signals to
          appear. mdmsig is a bit mask, in which a bit is on (1) or off
          (0) according to whether the corresponding signal is to be
          waited for. These symbols are defined in ckcdeb.h:
            BM_CTS (bit 0) means wait for Clear To Send
            BM_DSR (bit 1) means wait for Data Set Ready
            BM_DCD (bit 2) means wait for Carrier Detect
          Returns:
           -3: Not implemented.
           -2: This line does not have modem control.
           -1: Timeout: time limit exceeded before all signals were
          detected.
            1: Success.

   int
          ttxin(n,buf) int n; CHAR *buf;
          Reads x characters from the tty device into the specified buf,
          stripping parity if parity is not none. This call waits forever,
          there is no timeout. This function is designed to be called only
          when you know that at least x characters are waiting to be read
          (as determined, for example, by ttchk()). This function should
          use the same buffer as ttinc().

   int
          txbufr(timo) int timo;
          Reads characters into the internal communications input buffer.
          timo is a timeout interval, in seconds. 0 means no timeout, wait
          forever. Called by ttinc() (and possibly ttxin() and ttinl())
          when the communications input buffer is empty. The buffer should
          be called ttxbuf[], its length is defined by the symbol TXBUFL.
          The global variable txbufn is the number of characters available
          to be read from ttxbuf[], and txbufp is the index of the next
          character to be read. Should not be called if txbufn > 0, in
          which case the buffer does not need refilling. This routine
          returns:
            -2: Communications disconnect
            -1: Timeout
          >=0: A character (0 - 255) On success, the first character that
          was read, with the variables txbufn and txbufp set appropriately
          for any remaining characters.
          NOTE: Currently this routine is used internally only by the UNIX
          and VMS versions. The aim is to make it available to all
          versions so there is one single coherent and efficient way of
          reading from the communications device or network.

4.E.2.6. Miscellaneous system-dependent functions

   VOID
          ztime(s) char **s;
          Returns a pointer, s, to the current date-and-time string in s.
          This string must be in the fixed-field format associated with
          the C runtime asctime() function, like: "Sun Sep 16 13:23:45
          1973\n" so that callers of this function can extract the
          different fields. The pointer value is filled in by ztime, and
          the data it points to is not safe, so should be copied to a safe
          place before use. ztime() has no return value. As a side effect,
          this routine can also fill in the following two external
          variables (which must be defined in the system-dependent modules
          for each platform):
            long ztusec: Fraction of seconds of clock time, microseconds.
            long ztmsec: Fraction of seconds of clock time, milliseconds.
          If these variables are not set by zstime(), they remain at their
          initial value of -1L.

   int
          gtimer()
          Returns the current value of the elapsed time counter in seconds
          (see rtimer), or 0 on any kind of error.

   #ifdef GFTIMER
          CKFLOAT
          gftimer()
          Returns the current value of the elapsed time counter in
          seconds, as a floating point number, capable of representing not
          only whole seconds, but also the fractional part, to the
          millisecond or microsecond level, whatever precision is
          available. Requires a function to get times at subsecond
          precision, as well as floating-point support. That's why it's
          #ifdef'd.

   #endif /* GFTIMER */

   int
          msleep(m) int m;
          Sleeps (pauses, does nothing) for m milliseconds (a millisecond
          is one thousandth of a second). Returns:
           -1: on failure.
            0: on success.

   VOID
          rtimer()
          Sets the elapsed time counter to zero. If you want to time how
          long an operation takes, call rtimer() when it starts and gtimer
          when it ends. rtimer() has no return value.

   #ifdef GFTIMER
          VOID
          rftimer()
          Sets the elapsed time counter to zero. If you want to time how
          long an operation takes, call rftimer() when it starts and
          gftimer when it ends. rftimer() has no return value. Note:
          rftimer() is to be used with gftimer() and rtimer() is to be
          used with gtimer(). See the rftimer() description.

   #endif /* GFTIMER */

   int
          sysinit()
          Does whatever needs doing upon program start. In particular, if
          the program is running in any kind of privileged mode, turns off
          the privileges (see priv_ini()). Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          syscleanup()
          Does whatever needs doing upon program exit. Returns:
           -1: on error.
            0: on success.

   int
          psuspend()
          Suspends the Kermit process, puts it in the background so it can
          be continued ("foregrounded") later. Returns:
           -1: if this function is not supported.
            0: on success.

   [ [136]Contents ] [ [137]C-Kermit ] [ [138]Kermit Home ]

4.F. Group F: Network Support

   As of version 5A, C-Kermit includes support for several networks.
   Originally, this was just worked into the ttopen(), ttclos(), ttinc(),
   ttinl(), and similar routines in [139]ckutio.c. But this made it
   impossible to share this code with non-UNIX versions, like VMS, AOS/VS,
   OS/2, etc. So as of edit 168, network code has been separated out into
   its own module and header file, ckcnet.c and ckcnet.h:

     [140]ckcnet.h: Network-related symbol definitions.
     [141]ckcnet.c: Network i/o (TCP/IP, X.25, etc), shared by most
   platforms.
     [142]cklnet.c: Network i/o (TCP/IP, X.25, etc) specific to Stratus
   VOS.

   The routines and variables in these modules fall into two categories:

    1. Support for specific network packages like SunLink X.25 and TGV
       MultiNet, and:
    2. support for specific network virtual terminal protocols like CCITT
       X.3 and TCP/IP Telnet.

   Category (1) functions are analogs to the tt*() functions, and have
   names like netopen, netclos, nettinc, etc. Group A-D modules do not
   (and must not) know anything about these functions -- they continue to
   call the old Group E functions (ttopen, ttinc, etc). Category (2)
   functions are protocol specific and have names prefixed by a protocol
   identifier, like tn for telnet x25 for X.25.

   ckcnet.h contains prototypes for all these functions, as well as symbol
   definitions for network types, protocols, and network- and protocol-
   specific symbols, as well as #includes for the header files necessary
   for each network and protocol.

   The following functions are to be provided for networks that do not use
   normal system i/o (open, read, write, close):

   int
          netopen()
          To be called from within ttopen() when a network connection is
          requested. Calling conventions and purpose same as Group E
          ttopen().

   int
          netclos()
          To be called from within ttclos() when a network connection is
          being closed. Calling conventions and purpose same as Group E
          ttclos().

   int
          nettchk()
          To be called from within ttchk(). Calling conventions and
          purpose same as Group E ttchk().

   int
          netflui()
          To be called from within ttflui(). Calling conventions and
          purpose same as Group E ttflui().

   int
          netbreak()
          To send a network break (attention) signal. Calling conventions
          and purpose same as Group E ttsndbrk().

   int
          netinc()
          To get a character from the network. Calling conventions same as
          Group E ttsndbrk().

   int
          nettoc()
          Send a "character" (byte) to the network. Calling conventions
          same as Group E ttoc().

   int
          nettol()
          Send a "line" (sequence of bytes) to the network. Calling
          conventions same as Group E ttol().

   Conceivably, some systems support network connections simply by letting
   you open a device of a certain name and letting you do i/o to it.
   Others (like the Berkeley sockets TCP/IP library on UNIX) require you
   to open the connection in a special way, but then do normal i/o (read,
   write). In such a case, you would use netopen(), but you would not use
   nettinc, nettoc, etc.

   VMS TCP/IP products have their own set of functions for all network
   operations, so in that case the full range of netxxx() functions is
   used.

   The technique is to put a test in each corresponding ttxxx() function
   to see if a network connection is active (or is being requested), test
   for which kind of network it is, and if necessary route the call to the
   corresponding netxxx() function. The netxxx() function must also
   contain code to test for the network type, which is available via the
   global variable ttnet.

   [ [143]Contents ] [ [144]C-Kermit ] [ [145]Kermit Home ]

4.F.1. Telnet Protocol

   (This section needs a great deal of updating...)

   As of edit 195, Telnet protocol is split out into its own files, since
   it can be implemented in remote mode, which does not have a network
   connection:

      [146]ckctel.h: Telnet protocol symbol definitions.
      [147]ckctel.c: Telnet protocol.

   The Telnet protocol is supported by the following variables and
   routines:

   int tn_init
          Nonzero if telnet protocol initialized, zero otherwise.

   int
          tn_init()
          Initialize the telnet protocol (send initial options).

   int
          tn_sopt()
          Send a telnet option.

   int
          tn_doop()
          Receive and act on a telnet option from the remote.

   int
          tn_sttyp()
          Send terminal type using telnet protocol.

4.F.2. FTP Protocol

   (To be filled in...) See the [148]source file

4.F.3. HTTP Protocol

   (To be filled in...)

4.F.4. X.25 Networks

   These routines were written SunLink X.25 and have since been adapted to
   at least on one other: IBM AIXLink/X.25.

   int
          x25diag()
          Reads and prints X.25 diagnostics

   int
          x25oobh()
          X.25 out of band signal handler

   int
          x25intr()
          Sends X.25 interrupt packet

   int
          x25reset()
          Resets X.25 virtual circuit

   int
          x25clear()
          Clear X.25 virtual circuit

   int
          x25stat()
          X.25 status

   int
          setqbit()
          Sets X.25 Q-bit

   int
          resetqbit()
          Resets X.25 Q-bit

   int
          x25xin()
          Reads n characters from X.25 circuit.

   int
          x25inl()
          Read a Kermit packet from X.25 circuit.

   [ [149]Contents ] [ [150]C-Kermit ] [ [151]Kermit Home ]

4.F.5. Adding New Network Types

   Example: Adding support for IBM X.25 and Hewlett Packard X.25. First,
   add new network type symbols for each one. There are already some
   network types defined for other X.25 packages:

  NET_SX25 is the network-type ID for SunLink X.25.
  NET_VX25 is the network-type ID for VOS X.25.

   So first you should new symbols for the new network types, giving them
   the next numbers in the sequence, e.g.:

#define NET_HX25 11                     /* Hewlett-Packard X.25 */
#define NET_IX25 12                     /* IBM X.25 */

   This is in ckcnet.h.

   Then we need symbols to say that we are actually compiling in the code
   for these platforms. These would be defined on the cc command line:

  -DIBMX25  (for IBM)
  -DHPX25   (for HP)

   So we can build C-Kermit versions for AIX and HP-UX both with and
   without X.25 support (since not all AIX and IBM systems have the needed
   libraries, and so an executable that was linked with them might no
   load).

   Then in ckcnet.h:

#ifdef IBMX25
#define ANYX25
#endif /* IBMX25 */

#ifdef HPX25
#define ANYX25
#endif /* HPX25 */

   And then use ANYX25 for code that is common to all of them, and IBMX25
   or HPX25 for code specific to IBM or HP.

   It might also happen that some code can be shared between two or more
   of these, but not the others. Suppose, for example, that you write code
   that applies to both IBM and HP, but not Sun or VOS X.25. Then you add
   the following definition to ckcnet.h:

#ifndef HPORIBMX25
#ifdef HPX25
#define HPORIBMX25
#else
#ifdef IBMX25
#define HPORIBMX25
#endif /* IBMX25 */
#endif /* HPX25 */
#endif /* HPORIBMX25 */

   You can NOT use constructions like "#if defined (HPX25 || IBMX25)";
   they are not portable.

   [ [152]Contents ] [ [153]C-Kermit ] [ [154]Kermit Home ]

4.G. Group G: Formatted Screen Support

   So far, this is used only for the fullscreen local-mode file transfer
   display. In the future, it might be extended to other uses. The
   fullscreen display code is in and around the routine screenc() in
   [155]ckuusx.c.

   In the UNIX version, we use the curses library, plus one call from the
   termcap library. In other versions (OS/2, VMS, etc) we insert dummy
   routines that have the same names as curses routines. So far, there are
   two methods for simulating curses routines:

    1. In VMS, we use the Screen Management Library (SMG), and insert
       stubs to convert curses calls into SMG calls.
    2. In OS/2, we use the MYCURSES code, in which the stub routines
       actually emit the appropriate escape sequences themselves.

   Here are the stub routines:

   int
          tgetent(char *buf, char *term)
          Arguments are ignored. Returns 1 if the user has a supported
          terminal type, 0 otherwise. Sets a global variable (for example,
          "isvt52" or "isdasher") to indicate the terminal type.

   VOID
          move(int row, int col)
          Sends the escape sequence to position the cursor at the
          indicated row and column. The numbers are 0-based, e.g. the home
          position is 0,0.

   int
          clear()
          Sends the escape sequence to clear the screen.

   int
          clrtoeol()
          Sends the escape sequence to clear from the current cursor
          position to the end of the line.

   In the MYCURSES case, code must be added to each of the last three
   routines to emit the appropriate escape sequences for a new terminal
   type.

   clearok(curscr), wrefresh()
          In real curses, these two calls are required to refresh the
          screen, for example after it was fractured by a broadcast
          message. These are useful only if the underlying screen
          management service keeps a copy of the entire screen, as curses
          and SMG do. C-Kermit does not do this itself.

   [ [156]Contents ] [ [157]C-Kermit ] [ [158]Kermit Home ]

4.H. Group H: Pseudoterminal Support

   (To be filled in...) But see: [159]these comments, and the source files
   [160]ckupty.h and [161]ckupty.c.

4.I. Group I: Security

   (To be filled in...) Meanwhile, see [162]security.html.

   [ [163]Contents ] [ [164]C-Kermit ] [ [165]Kermit Home ]

APPENDIX I. FILE PERMISSIONS

I.1. Format of System-Dependent File Permissions in A-Packets

   The format of this field (the "," attribute) is interpreted according
   to the System ID ("." Attribute).

   For UNIX (System ID = U1), it's the familiar 3-digit octal number, the
   low-order 9 bits of the filemode: Owner, Group, World, e.g. 660 =
   read/write access for owner and group, none for world, recorded as a
   3-digit octal string. High-order UNIX permission bits are not
   transmitted.

   For VMS (System ID = D7), it's a 4-digit hex string, representing the
   16-bit file protection WGOS fields (World,Group,Owner,System), in that
   order (which is the reverse of how they're shown in a directory
   listing); in each field, Bit 0 = Read, 1 = Write, 2 = Execute, 3 =
   Delete. A bit value of 0 means permission is granted, 1 means
   permission is denied. Sample:

  r-01-00-^A/!FWERMIT.EXE'"
  s-01-00-^AE!Y/amd/watsun/w/fdc/new/wermit.exe.DV
  r-02-01-^A]"A."D7""B8#119980101 18:14:05!#8531&872960,$A20B-!7(#512@ #.Y
  s-02-01-^A%"Y.5!

   A VMS directory listing shows the file's protection as (E,RWED,RED,RE)
   which really means (S=E,O=RWED,G=RED,W=RE), which is reverse order from
   the internal storage, so (RE,RED,RWED,E). Now translate each letter to
   its corresponding bit:

  RE=0101, RED=1101, RWED=1111, E=0010

   Now reverse the bits:

  RE=1010, RED=0010, RWED=0000, E=1101

   This gives the 16-bit quantity:

  1010001000001101

   This is the internal representation of the VMS file permission; in hex:

  A20B

   as shown in the sample packet above.

   The VMS format probably would also apply to RSX or any other FILES-11
   system.

I.2. Handling of Generic Protection

   To be used when the two systems are different (and/or do not recognize
   or understand each other's local protection codes).

   First of all, the book is wrong. This should not be the World
   protection, but the Owner protection. The other fields should be set
   according to system defaults (e.g. UNIX umask, VMS default protection,
   etc), except that no non-Owner field should give more permissions than
   the Owner field.

   [ [166]Top ] [ [167]Contents ] [ [168]C-Kermit Home ] [ [169]Kermit
   Home ]
     __________________________________________________________________


    C-Kermit Program Logic Manual / [170]The Kermit Project /
    [171]kermit@columbia.edu / 30 June 2011

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 159. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit90.html#LooseEnd
 160. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckupty.h
 161. ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/f/ckupty.c
 162. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/security.html
 163. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
 164. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
 165. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
 166. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#top
 167. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckcplm.html#contents
 168. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckermit.html
 169. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
 170. http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/index.html
 171. mailto:kermit@columbia.edu