LABELS.md

The dependency labels implemented in ParZu are described in:

Killian A. Foth. 2005. Eine umfassende Constraint-Dependenz-Grammatik des Deutschen. University of Hamburg.

Here is a short summary

ADV - ADVERB

Adverbial function (includes adverbial adjectives, negations, and similar)

Er kommt *spät*

APP - APPOSITION

includes both close and true appositions

close apposition:

Präsident *Obama*;
Elton *John*

true apposition:

Peter, der *Besitzer* des Ladens

ATTR - ATTRIBUTE

attributive adjectives or numbers

Der *kleine* Mann

AUX - AUXILIARY

auxiliary verb relation (note that the auxiliary verb is the head of the relation)

Ich bin *angekommen*

AVZ - ABGETRENNTES VERB-PRÄFIX

separated verb particle

Er kommt morgen *an*

CJ - CONJOINED ELEMENT

last element in a conjunction

Peter und *Lisa*

DET - DETERMINER

*der* Mann

EXPL - EXPLETIVE "ES"

"es" as a syntactic placeholder for a clausal object/subject

*es* ist gefährlich, alleine zu gehen

GMOD - GENITIVE MODIFIER/ATTRIBUTE

genitive noun phrase that modifies another noun phrase.

Der Krieg der *Sterne*

GRAD - DEGREE

noun phrase that expresses a magnitude/degree

Er ist drei *Jahre* alt

KOM - COMPARATIVE

comparative conjunction

hart *wie* stahl
schöner *als* Ferien

KON - COORDINATION

all members in a coordination (except for the last one, which is CJ) both the conjoined elements and the conjunctions are marked as KON

Peter, *Susi* *und* Mark

KONJ - CONJUNCTION

subordinating conjunction

Ich hoffe, *dass* es klappt

NEB - NEBENSATZ (SUBORDINATE CLAUSE)

subordinate clause that is adjunct

Wenn alles *klappt*, komme ich morgen

OBJA - ACCUSATIVE OBJECT

Ich sehe den *Mann*

OBJA2 - 2nd ACCUSATIVE OBJECT

is mapped to OBJA

OBJC - CLAUSAL OBJECT

subordinate clause that is complement

Ich hoffe, dass es *klappt*

OBJD - DATIVE OBJECT

Er vertraut *ihr*

OBJG - GENITIVE OBJECT

Er verdächtigt den Mann des *Mordes*

OBJI - INFINITIVE OBJECT

Er versuchte, ihr zu *helfen*

OBJP - PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT

prepositional phrase that is complement

Er ging mit ihr *ins* Kino

PAR - PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS

used for some tricky constructions in which one clause is interrupted by another one.

"Ich", *sagte* er, "komme morgen"

PART - PARTICLE

mostly used for "zu" and some fixed expressions:

nicht *zu* glauben
*ein* wenig besser

PN - PREPOSITION COMPLEMENT

Er liegt in der *Sonne*

PP - PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

prepositional phrase that is adjunct

Er ging *mit* ihr ins Kino

PRED - PREDICATIVE NOUN

Er ist *tot*, Jim

REL - RELATIVE CLAUSE

connects head of relative clause to its head. the relative pronoun receives the label that corresponds to its function in the relative clause.

der Spion, der mich *liebte*

S - SENTENCE

Mostly used for reported speech

Er sagte, er *sei* unschuldig

SUBJ - SUBJECT

*Er* sagte, *er* sei unschuldig

SUBJC - CLAUSAL SUBJECT

Es freut mich, dass ihr alle hier *seid*

VOK - VOCATIVE

Er ist tot, *Jim*

ZEIT - TEMPORAL NOUN PHRASE

noun phrase (without preposition/conjunction) with temporal function

*2011* ging die Firma bankrott
*Anfang* Februar begann der Aufschwung