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LINUX.md

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Common Linux Commands

This document provides a list of common Linux commands along with brief descriptions. documentation of linux commands. second link for linux commands.

File and Directory Management

Command Description
ls List directory contents.
cd Change the current directory.
pwd Print the current working directory.
mkdir Create new directories.
rmdir Remove empty directories.
rm Remove files or directories.
cp Copy files or directories.
mv Move or rename files or directories.
touch Create empty files or update file timestamps.
cat Concatenate and display file contents.
more View file contents one screen at a time.
less View file contents with backward movement.
head Display the first lines of a file.
tail Display the last lines of a file.
find Search for files in a directory hierarchy.
locate Find files by name.
./ Runs an executable.

File Permissions and Ownership

Command Description
chmod Change file modes or Access Control Lists.
chown Change file owner and group.
chgrp Change group ownership.

System Information and Management

Command Description
uname Print system information.
top Display Linux tasks.
ps Report a snapshot of current processes.
df Report file system disk space usage.
du Estimate file space usage.
free Display amount of free and used memory in the system.
uptime Tell how long the system has been running.
who Show who is logged on.
whoami Print the current user name.
hostname Show or set the system’s hostname.
kill Terminates programs.
htop Displays processes and resources information.
dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
journalctl Query and display messages from the journal.
systemctl Inspect and control the systemd system and service manager.
service Run a System V init script.

Networking

Command Description
ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.
ifconfig Configure a network interface (deprecated, use ip).
ip Show/manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels.
netstat Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.
ss Another utility to investigate sockets.
scp Secure copy (remote file copy program).
ssh OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program).
wget The non-interactive network downloader.
curl Transfer data from or to a server.

Examples:

Command Description
lsof -i: 5432 or netstat -ano | grep 5432 Show the running port 5432 - Port Number

Text Processing

Command Description
grep Print lines that match patterns.
awk Pattern scanning and processing language.
sed Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
cut Remove sections from each line of files.
sort Sort lines of text files.
uniq Report or omit repeated lines.
wc Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
shred Overwrites a file to hide its contents

Compression and Archiving

Command Description
tar Archive files.
gzip Compress files.
gunzip Decompress files.
zip Package and compress (archive) files.
unzip List, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive.

Package Management (varies by distribution)

Command Description
apt-get APT package handling utility (Debian/Ubuntu).
yum Package manager for RPM-based distributions (CentOS/RHEL).
dnf Next generation package manager for RPM-based distributions (Fedora).
zypper Command line interface of ZYpp package manager (openSUSE).

Disk Management

Command Description
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux.
mkfs Build a Linux file system.
mount Mount a file system.
umount Unmount file systems.

User Management

Command Description
adduser Add a user to the system.
useradd Create a new user or update default new user information.
passwd Update user's authentication tokens.
usermod Modify a user account.
deluser Remove a user from the system.
userdel Delete a user account and related files.

Power On-Off Commands

Command Description
shutdown Bring the system down.
reboot Reboot the system.
halt Halt the system.
poweroff Power off the system.
crontab Schedule periodic background jobs.

Miscellaneous

Command Description
man Displays manual page of other commands.
which Returns the full binary path of a program.
echo Display a line of text.
date Display or set the system date and time.
cal Display a calendar.
alias Define or display aliases.
history Display or manipulate the history list.