diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/colors/colorize.js b/packages/modeling/src/colors/colorize.js
index 3a38b943a..1555733dc 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/colors/colorize.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/colors/colorize.js
@@ -6,27 +6,19 @@ import * as path2 from '../geometries/path2/index.js'
 import * as poly3 from '../geometries/poly3/index.js'
 
 const colorGeom2 = (color, object) => {
-  const newGeom2 = geom2.clone(object)
-  newGeom2.color = color
-  return newGeom2
+  return Object.assign({}, object, { color })
 }
 
 const colorGeom3 = (color, object) => {
-  const newGeom3 = geom3.clone(object)
-  newGeom3.color = color
-  return newGeom3
+  return Object.assign({}, object, { color })
 }
 
 const colorPath2 = (color, object) => {
-  const newPath2 = path2.clone(object)
-  newPath2.color = color
-  return newPath2
+  return Object.assign({}, object, { color })
 }
 
 const colorPoly3 = (color, object) => {
-  const newPoly = poly3.clone(object)
-  newPoly.color = color
-  return newPoly
+  return Object.assign({}, object, { color })
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/connectors/create.js b/packages/modeling/src/connectors/create.js
index 00e122e3b..d5a418b81 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/connectors/create.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/connectors/create.js
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ import * as vec3 from '../maths/vec3/index.js'
  * @example
  * let myConnector = create()
  */
-export const create = () => ({ point: vec3.create(), axis: vec3.clone([0, 0, 1]), normal: vec3.clone([1, 0, 0]) })
+export const create = () => ({ point: vec3.create(), axis: [0, 0, 1], normal: [1, 0, 0] })
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e4bc0279a..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import { Geom2 } from './type'
-
-export function clone(geometry: Geom2): Geom2
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a57c191e2..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Performs a shallow clone of the given geometry.
- * @param {geom2} geometry - the geometry to clone
- * @returns {geom2} new geometry
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/geom2.clone
- */
-export const clone = (geometry) => Object.assign({}, geometry)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.test.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a1d82f67..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/clone.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava'
-
-import { clone, create } from './index.js'
-
-test('clone: Creates a clone on an empty geom2', (t) => {
-  const expected = {
-    outlines: [],
-    transforms: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
-  }
-  const geometry = create()
-  const another = clone(geometry)
-  t.not(another, geometry)
-  t.deepEqual(another, expected)
-})
-
-test('clone: Creates a clone of a complete geom2', (t) => {
-  const points = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1]]
-  const expected = {
-    outlines: [[[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1]]],
-    transforms: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
-  }
-  const geometry = create([points])
-  const another = clone(geometry)
-  t.not(another, geometry)
-  t.deepEqual(another, expected)
-})
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/fromCompactBinary.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/fromCompactBinary.js
index df4045ac4..dcb7b82ee 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/fromCompactBinary.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/fromCompactBinary.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export const fromCompactBinary = (data) => {
 
   const created = create()
 
-  created.transforms = mat4.clone(data.slice(1, 17))
+  created.transforms = data.slice(1, 17)
 
   for (let i = 21; i < data.length;) {
     const length = data[i++] // number of points for this polygon
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.d.ts
index 381ec4b9a..ab5143e47 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { create } from './create'
 export { fromSides } from './fromSides'
 export { fromCompactBinary } from './fromCompactBinary'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.js
index 86dd2e1d3..54a374954 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/index.js
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
  * import { geometries } from '@jscad/modeling'
  * let myShape = geometries.geom2.create([ [[-1,-1], [1,-1], [1,1], [-1,1]] ])
  */
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
 export { fromSides } from './fromSides.js'
 export { fromCompactBinary } from './fromCompactBinary.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/reverse.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/reverse.js
index 51704f939..b5ded0e7a 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/reverse.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom2/reverse.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { clone } from './clone.js'
 
 /**
  * Reverses the given geometry so that the outline points are flipped in the opposite order.
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ import { clone } from './clone.js'
  * let newGeometry = reverse(geometry)
  */
 export const reverse = (geometry) => {
-  const reversed = clone(geometry)
+  const reversed = Object.assign({}, geometry)
   reversed.outlines = reversed.outlines.map((outline) => outline.slice().reverse())
   return reversed
 }
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 46f141cff..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import { Geom3 } from './type'
-
-export function clone(geometry: Geom3): Geom3
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 84ece29f0..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Performs a shallow clone of the given geometry.
- * @param {geom3} geometry - the geometry to clone
- * @returns {geom3} a new geometry
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/geom3.clone
- */
-export const clone = (geometry) => Object.assign({}, geometry)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.test.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index b5cacb2a3..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/clone.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava'
-
-import { clone, create, fromPoints } from './index.js'
-
-import { comparePolygons, compareVectors } from '../../../test/helpers/index.js'
-
-test('clone: Creates a clone on an empty geom3', (t) => {
-  const expected = {
-    polygons: [],
-    transforms: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
-  }
-  const geometry = create()
-  const another = clone(geometry)
-  t.not(another, geometry)
-  t.deepEqual(another, expected)
-})
-
-test('clone: Creates a clone of a populated geom3', (t) => {
-  const vertices = [[[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1]]]
-  const expected = {
-    polygons: [
-      { vertices: [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1]] }
-    ],
-    transforms: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
-  }
-  const geometry = fromPoints(vertices)
-  const another = clone(geometry)
-  t.not(another, geometry)
-  t.true(comparePolygons(another.polygons[0], expected.polygons[0]))
-  t.true(compareVectors(another.transforms, expected.transforms))
-})
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/fromCompactBinary.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/fromCompactBinary.js
index 57f589607..eed750bda 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/fromCompactBinary.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/fromCompactBinary.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export const fromCompactBinary = (data) => {
 
   const created = create()
 
-  created.transforms = mat4.clone(data.slice(1, 17))
+  created.transforms = data.slice(1, 17)
 
   const numberOfVertices = data[21]
   let ci = 22
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.d.ts
index e94363234..80f9d71f7 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { create } from './create'
 export { fromPoints } from './fromPoints'
 export { fromCompactBinary } from './fromCompactBinary'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.js
index f0c5125da..f7cf67ceb 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/geom3/index.js
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  *   [[-1,-1,1], [1,-1,1], [1,1,1], [-1,1,1]]
  * ])
  */
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
 export { fromPoints } from './fromPoints.js'
 export { fromCompactBinary } from './fromCompactBinary.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/appendArc.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/appendArc.js
index f3b3f360b..3ea0004a6 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/appendArc.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/appendArc.js
@@ -36,11 +36,10 @@ export const appendArc = (options, geometry) => {
 
   // validate the given options
   if (!Array.isArray(endpoint)) throw new Error('endpoint must be an array of X and Y values')
-  if (endpoint.length < 2) throw new Error('endpoint must contain X and Y values')
-  endpoint = vec2.clone(endpoint)
+  if (endpoint.length !== 2) throw new Error('endpoint must contain X and Y values')
 
   if (!Array.isArray(radius)) throw new Error('radius must be an array of X and Y values')
-  if (radius.length < 2) throw new Error('radius must contain X and Y values')
+  if (radius.length !== 2) throw new Error('radius must contain X and Y values')
 
   if (segments < 4) throw new Error('segments must be four or more')
 
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c8c43ca9..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import { Path2 } from './type'
-
-export function clone(geometry: Path2): Path2
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 4602a20b8..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Performs a shallow clone of the give geometry.
- * @param {path2} geometry - the geometry to clone
- * @returns {path2} a new path
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/path2.clone
- */
-export const clone = (geometry) => Object.assign({}, geometry)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/close.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/close.js
index 3d5e4010e..dc2e78173 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/close.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/close.js
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ import { EPS } from '../../maths/constants.js'
 
 import * as vec2 from '../../maths/vec2/index.js'
 
-import { clone } from './clone.js'
-
 /**
  * Close the given geometry.
  * @param {path2} geometry - the path to close
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ import { clone } from './clone.js'
 export const close = (geometry) => {
   if (geometry.isClosed) return geometry
 
-  const cloned = clone(geometry)
+  const cloned = Object.assign({}, geometry)
   cloned.isClosed = true
 
   if (cloned.points.length > 1) {
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromCompactBinary.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromCompactBinary.js
index 93679a07c..36c92c618 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromCompactBinary.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromCompactBinary.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export const fromCompactBinary = (data) => {
 
   const created = create()
 
-  created.transforms = mat4.clone(data.slice(1, 17))
+  created.transforms = data.slice(1, 17)
 
   created.isClosed = !!data[17]
 
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromPoints.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromPoints.js
index 3a0ab6c3e..4c852e7c9 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromPoints.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/fromPoints.js
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ export const fromPoints = (options, points) => {
   const defaults = { closed: false }
   let { closed } = Object.assign({}, defaults, options)
 
-  let created = create()
-  created.points = points.map((point) => vec2.clone(point))
+  let created = create(points)
 
   // check if first and last points are equal
   if (created.points.length > 1) {
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.d.ts
index 56aa1901c..5e5f794cc 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 export { appendArc, AppendArcOptions } from './appendArc'
 export { appendBezier, AppendBezierOptions } from './appendBezier'
 export { appendPoints } from './appendPoints'
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { close } from './close'
 export { concat } from './concat'
 export { create } from './create'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.js
index 59292ba12..0a51dc5f8 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/index.js
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 export { appendArc } from './appendArc.js'
 export { appendBezier } from './appendBezier.js'
 export { appendPoints } from './appendPoints.js'
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { close } from './close.js'
 export { concat } from './concat.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/reverse.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/reverse.js
index 4ab5fd42f..752327242 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/reverse.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/path2/reverse.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { clone } from './clone.js'
 
 /**
  * Reverses the path so that the points are in the opposite order.
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ import { clone } from './clone.js'
  */
 export const reverse = (geometry) => {
   // NOTE: this only updates the order of the points
-  const cloned = clone(geometry)
+  const cloned = Object.assign({}, geometry)
   cloned.points = geometry.points.slice().reverse()
   return cloned
 }
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 897fb4130..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import Poly2 from './type'
-
-export function clone(polygon: Poly2): Poly2
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 02369e260..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Create a shallow clone of the given polygon.
- *
- * @param {poly2} polygon - polygon to clone
- * @returns {poly2} a new polygon
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/poly2.clone
- */
-export const clone = (polygon) => Object.assign({}, polygon)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.test.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a55e88328..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/clone.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava'
-
-import { create, clone } from './index.js'
-
-import { comparePoints } from '../../../test/helpers/index.js'
-
-test('poly2: clone() should return a new poly2 with same values', (t) => {
-  const org1 = create()
-  const ret1 = clone(org1)
-  t.true(comparePoints(ret1.points, org1.points))
-  t.not(ret1, org1)
-
-  const org2 = create([[1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, -1], [1, -1]])
-  const ret2 = clone(org2)
-  t.true(comparePoints(ret2.points, org2.points))
-  t.not(ret2, org2)
-})
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.d.ts
index a2038bf4d..796705a51 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 export { arePointsInside } from './arePointsInside'
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { create } from './create'
 export { isA } from './isA'
 export { isConvex } from './isConvex'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.js
index db20c5c1c..63111c450 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly2/index.js
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
  * const p1 = geometries.poly2.create([[0,0], [4,0], [4,3]])
  */
 export { arePointsInside } from './arePointsInside.js'
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
 export { isA } from './isA.js'
 export { isConvex } from './isConvex.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f30bca7af..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { Poly3 } from './type'
-
-export function clone(polygon: Poly3): Poly3
-export function clone(out: Poly3, polygon: Poly3): Poly3
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index baddebe56..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import * as vec3 from '../../maths/vec3/index.js'
-
-import { create } from './create.js'
-
-/**
- * Create a deep clone of the given polygon
- *
- * @param {poly3} [out] - receiving polygon
- * @param {poly3} polygon - polygon to clone
- * @returns {poly3} a new polygon
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/poly3.clone
- */
-export const clone = (...params) => {
-  let out
-  let poly3
-  if (params.length === 1) {
-    out = create()
-    poly3 = params[0]
-  } else {
-    out = params[0]
-    poly3 = params[1]
-  }
-  // deep clone of vertices
-  out.vertices = poly3.vertices.map((vec) => vec3.clone(vec))
-  return out
-}
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.test.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e043d0268..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/clone.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava'
-
-import { create, clone } from './index.js'
-
-import { comparePolygons } from '../../../test/helpers/index.js'
-
-test('poly3: clone() should return a new poly3 with same values', (t) => {
-  const org1 = create()
-  const ret1 = clone(org1)
-  t.true(comparePolygons(ret1, org1))
-  t.not(ret1, org1)
-
-  const org2 = create([[1, 1, 0], [-1, 1, 0], [-1, -1, 0], [1, -1, 0]])
-  const ret2 = clone(org2)
-  t.true(comparePolygons(ret2, org2))
-  t.not(ret2, org2)
-})
-
-test('poly3: clone() with two params should update a poly3 with same values', (t) => {
-  const org1 = create()
-  const out1 = create()
-  const ret1 = clone(out1, org1)
-  t.true(comparePolygons(org1, out1))
-  t.true(comparePolygons(org1, ret1))
-  t.not(out1, org1)
-  t.not(ret1, org1)
-  t.is(ret1, out1)
-
-  const org2 = create([[1, 1, 0], [-1, 1, 0], [-1, -1, 0], [1, -1, 0]])
-  const out2 = create()
-  const ret2 = clone(out2, org2)
-  t.true(comparePolygons(ret2, org2))
-  t.not(out2, org2)
-  t.not(ret2, org2)
-  t.is(ret2, out2)
-})
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.d.ts
index da1600716..ca214d99f 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { create } from './create'
 export { fromVerticesAndPlane } from './fromVerticesAndPlane'
 export { invert } from './invert'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.js
index f588d198b..e4e1a5dc5 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/poly3/index.js
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
  * import { geometries } from '@jscad/modeling'
  * const polygon = geometries.poly3.create([[0,0,0], [4,0,0], [4,3,12]])
  */
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
 export { fromVerticesAndPlane } from './fromVerticesAndPlane.js'
 export { invert } from './invert.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 84ed07456..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import { Slice } from './type'
-
-export function clone(slice: Slice): Slice
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.js
deleted file mode 100644
index cb94fc2a5..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-
-/**
- * Create a deep clone of the given slice.
- *
- * @param {slice} slice - slice to clone
- * @returns {slice} a new slice
- * @alias module:modeling/geometries/slice.clone
- */
-export const clone = (slice) => Object.assign({}, slice)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.test.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a1a65531d..000000000
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/clone.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'ava'
-
-import { create, clone, fromVertices, toVertices } from './index.js'
-
-test('slice: clone() should return a new slice with same values', (t) => {
-  const org1 = create()
-  const ret1 = clone(org1)
-  t.not(ret1, org1)
-
-  const org2 = fromVertices([[1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, -1], [1, -1]])
-  const ret2 = clone(org2)
-  t.not(ret2, org2)
-  t.deepEqual(toVertices(ret2), toVertices(org2))
-})
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.d.ts b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.d.ts
index 357c18115..0ff355ae3 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 export { calculatePlane } from './calculatePlane'
-export { clone } from './clone'
 export { create } from './create'
 export { equals } from './equals'
 export { fromGeom2 } from './fromGeom2'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.js b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.js
index 06289f3f3..f96649e6c 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/geometries/slice/index.js
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
  * const slice = geometries.slice.create([[[0,0,0], [4,0,0], [4,3,12]]])
  */
 export { calculatePlane } from './calculatePlane.js'
-export { clone } from './clone.js'
 export { create } from './create.js'
 export { equals } from './equals.js'
 export { fromGeom2 } from './fromGeom2.js'
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/maths/line2/intersectPointOfLines.js b/packages/modeling/src/maths/line2/intersectPointOfLines.js
index 4037e5970..73e9dae00 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/maths/line2/intersectPointOfLines.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/maths/line2/intersectPointOfLines.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-import * as vec2 from '../vec2/index.js'
-
-import { solve2Linear } from '../utils/index.js'
+import { solve2Linear } from '../utils/solve2Linear.js'
 
 /**
  * Return the point of intersection between the given lines.
@@ -15,6 +13,5 @@ import { solve2Linear } from '../utils/index.js'
  * @alias module:modeling/maths/line2.intersectPointOfLines
  */
 export const intersectPointOfLines = (line1, line2) => {
-  const point = solve2Linear(line1[0], line1[1], line2[0], line2[1], line1[2], line2[2])
-  return vec2.clone(point)
+  return solve2Linear(line1[0], line1[1], line2[0], line2[1], line1[2], line2[2])
 }
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/operations/booleans/subtractGeom3Sub.js b/packages/modeling/src/operations/booleans/subtractGeom3Sub.js
index 44fdccc03..ef78e8667 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/operations/booleans/subtractGeom3Sub.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/operations/booleans/subtractGeom3Sub.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { mayOverlap } from './mayOverlap.js'
  */
 export const subtractGeom3Sub = (geometry1, geometry2) => {
   if (!mayOverlap(geometry1, geometry2)) {
-    return geom3.clone(geometry1)
+    return geometry1
   }
 
   const a = new Tree(geom3.toPolygons(geometry1))
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/operations/extrusions/extrudeLinearGeom2.js b/packages/modeling/src/operations/extrusions/extrudeLinearGeom2.js
index 06083e3dd..029031291 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/operations/extrusions/extrudeLinearGeom2.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/operations/extrusions/extrudeLinearGeom2.js
@@ -31,16 +31,13 @@ export const extrudeLinearGeom2 = (options, geometry) => {
     twistSteps = 1
   }
 
-  // convert to vector in order to perform transforms
-  const offsetV = vec3.clone(offset)
-
   let baseSlice = slice.fromGeom2(geometry)
-  if (offsetV[2] < 0) baseSlice = slice.reverse(baseSlice)
+  if (offset[2] < 0) baseSlice = slice.reverse(baseSlice)
 
   const matrix = mat4.create()
   const createTwist = (progress, index, base) => {
     const Zrotation = index / twistSteps * twistAngle
-    const Zoffset = vec3.scale(vec3.create(), offsetV, index / twistSteps)
+    const Zoffset = vec3.scale(vec3.create(), offset, index / twistSteps)
     mat4.multiply(matrix, mat4.fromZRotation(matrix, Zrotation), mat4.fromTranslation(mat4.create(), Zoffset))
 
     return slice.transform(matrix, base)
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/arc.js b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/arc.js
index a303ddd5c..0bf5504ca 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/arc.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/arc.js
@@ -48,14 +48,13 @@ export const arc = (options) => {
 
   const minAngle = Math.acos(((radius * radius) + (radius * radius) - (EPS * EPS)) / (2 * radius * radius))
 
-  const centerV = vec2.clone(center)
   let point
   const pointArray = []
   if (rotation < minAngle) {
     // there is no rotation, just a single point
     point = vec2.fromAngleRadians(vec2.create(), startAngle)
     vec2.scale(point, point, radius)
-    vec2.add(point, point, centerV)
+    vec2.add(point, point, center)
     pointArray.push(point)
   } else {
     // note: add one additional step to achieve full rotation
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ export const arc = (options) => {
       const angle = startAngle + (step * (rotation / numSteps))
       point = vec2.fromAngleRadians(vec2.create(), angle)
       vec2.scale(point, point, radius)
-      vec2.add(point, point, centerV)
+      vec2.add(point, point, center)
       pointArray.push(point)
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/ellipse.js b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/ellipse.js
index 7c17cd492..c9fe522e1 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/ellipse.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/ellipse.js
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ export const ellipse = (options) => {
 
   segments = Math.floor(segments * (rotation / TAU))
 
-  const centerV = vec2.clone(center)
   const step = rotation / segments // radians per segment
 
   const points = []
@@ -65,9 +64,9 @@ export const ellipse = (options) => {
   for (let i = 0; i < segments; i++) {
     const angle = (step * i) + startAngle
     const point = vec2.fromValues(radius[0] * cos(angle), radius[1] * sin(angle))
-    vec2.add(point, centerV, point)
+    vec2.add(point, center, point)
     points.push(point)
   }
-  if (rotation < TAU) points.push(centerV)
+  if (rotation < TAU) points.push(center)
   return geom2.create([points])
 }
diff --git a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/star.js b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/star.js
index c2c00d9a9..7b956c971 100644
--- a/packages/modeling/src/primitives/star.js
+++ b/packages/modeling/src/primitives/star.js
@@ -71,10 +71,8 @@ export const star = (options) => {
     innerRadius = outerRadius * getRadiusRatio(vertices, density)
   }
 
-  const centerV = vec2.clone(center)
-
-  const outerPoints = getPoints(vertices, outerRadius, startAngle, centerV)
-  const innerPoints = getPoints(vertices, innerRadius, startAngle + Math.PI / vertices, centerV)
+  const outerPoints = getPoints(vertices, outerRadius, startAngle, center)
+  const innerPoints = getPoints(vertices, innerRadius, startAngle + Math.PI / vertices, center)
 
   const allPoints = []
   for (let i = 0; i < vertices; i++) {