computer1.js

// @flow

/*

Components: (do a ctrl-f find for them)
1.MEMORY
2.CPU
3.DISPLAY
4.INPUT
5.AUDIO
6.ASSEMBLER
7.SIMULATION CONTROL
8.BUILT-IN PROGRAMS

*/

// 1.MEMORY

const Memory = {
  /*
  We are going to use an array to simulate computer memory. We can store a number
  value at each position in the array, and we will use a number value to access
  each slot in the array (we'll call these array indexes 'memory addresses').

  Real computers have memory which can be read and written as individual bytes,
  and also in larger or smaller chunks. In real computers memory addresses and
  values are usually shown as hexadecimal (base-16) form, due to the fact that
  hexadecimal is a concise alternative to binary, which 'lines up' nicely with
  binary: a 1 digit hexadecimal number can represent exactly all of the values
  which a 4 digit binary number can. However, we are going to represent addresses
  and values as base-10 numbers (the kind you're used to), so there's one less
  thing you need know about at this point. If you like you can read more about
  binary and hexidecimal numbers here (but it's not essential): 
  https://jamesfriend.com.au/how-do-binary-and-hexadecimal-numbers-work
  */
  ram: [],

  /*
  Here we have the total amount of array slots (or memory addresses) we are
  going to have at which to store data values.

  The program code will also be loaded into these slots, and when the CPU starts
  running, it will begin reading each instruction of the program from memory and
  executing it. At the hardware level, program code is just another form of data
  stored in memory.

  We'll use the first 1000 (0 - 999) slots as working space for our code to use.
  The next 1000 (1000 - 1999) we'll load our program code into, and that's where
  it will be executed from.
  The final 1000 slots will be used to communicate with the input and output (I/O)
  devices.
  2000 - 2003: the keycode of a key which is currently pressed, from most recently
    to least recently started
  2010, 2011: the x and y position of the mouse within the screen.
  2012: the address of the pixel the mouse is currently on
  2013: mouse button status (0 = up, 1 = down)
  2050: a random number which changes before every instruction
  2051 - 2099: unused
  2100 - 2999: The content of the screen, specifically the color values of each
    of the pixels of the 30x30 pixel screen, row by row, from the top left.
    For example, the top row uses slots 2100 - 2129, and the bottom row uses
    slots 2970 - 3000.
  3000 - 3008: Memory addresses used to control 3 channels of audio output. This
  computer is too simple to play recorded sounds, but can simple tones, which you
  can control by setting the addresses for 'wavetype', frequency and volume of
  each channel.
  */
  TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE: 3100,
  WORKING_MEMORY_START: 0,
  WORKING_MEMORY_END: 1000,
  PROGRAM_MEMORY_START: 1000,
  PROGRAM_MEMORY_END: 2000,
  KEYCODE_0_ADDRESS: 2000,
  KEYCODE_1_ADDRESS: 2001,
  KEYCODE_2_ADDRESS: 2002,
  MOUSE_X_ADDRESS: 2010,
  MOUSE_Y_ADDRESS: 2011,
  MOUSE_PIXEL_ADDRESS: 2012,
  MOUSE_BUTTON_ADDRESS: 2013,
  RANDOM_NUMBER_ADDRESS: 2050,
  CURRENT_TIME_ADDRESS: 2051,
  VIDEO_MEMORY_START: 2100,
  VIDEO_MEMORY_END: 3000,
  AUDIO_CH1_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS: 3000,
  AUDIO_CH1_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS: 3001,
  AUDIO_CH1_VOLUME_ADDRESS: 3002,
  AUDIO_CH2_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS: 3003,
  AUDIO_CH2_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS: 3004,
  AUDIO_CH2_VOLUME_ADDRESS: 3005,
  AUDIO_CH3_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS: 3006,
  AUDIO_CH3_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS: 3007,
  AUDIO_CH3_VOLUME_ADDRESS: 3008,

  // The program will be loaded into the region of memory starting at this slot.
  PROGRAM_START: 1000,

  // Store a value at a certain address in memory
  set(address, value) {
    if (isNaN(value)) {
      throw new Error(`tried to write to an invalid value at ${address}`);
    }
    if (address < 0 || address >= this.TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE) {
      throw new Error('tried to write to an invalid memory address');
    }
    this.ram[address] = value;
  },

  // Get the value which is stored at a certain address in memory
  get(address) {
    if (address < 0 || address >= this.TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE) {
      throw new Error('tried to read from an invalid memory address');
    }
    return this.ram[address];
  },
};

// 2.CPU

const CPU = {
  /*
  These instructions represent the things the CPU can be told to do. We
  implement them here with code, but a real CPU would have circuitry
  implementing each one of these possible actions, which include things like
  loading data from memory, comparing it, operating on and combining it, and
  storing it back into Memory.

  We assign numerical values called 'opcodes' to each of the instructions. When
  our program is 'assembled' from the program code text, the version of the
  program that we actually load into memory will use these numeric codes to refer
  to the CPU instructions in place of the textual names as a numeric value is a
  more efficient representation, especially as computers only directly understand
  numbers, whereas text is an abstraction on top of number values.

  We'll make the opcodes numbers starting at 9000 to make the values a bit more
  distinctive when we see them in the memory viewer. We'll include some extra info
  about each of the instructions so our simulator user interface can show it
  alongside the 'disassembled' view of the program code in Memory.
  
  There are a lot of these, so it's probably not worth reading the code for each one,
  but they are grouped into sections of related instructions, so it might be worth
  taking a look at a few in each section. When you're done you can skip ahead to the 
  next part which defines the 'programCounter'.
  */
  instructions: {
    // First, some instructions for copying values between places in memory.
    
    // this instruction is typically called 'mov', short for 'move', as in 'move
    // value at *this* address to *that* address', but this naming can be a bit
    // confusing, because the operation doesn't remove the value at the source
    // address, as 'move' might seem to imply, so for clarity we'll call it 'copy_to_from' instead.
    copy_to_from: {
      opcode: 9000,
      description: 'set value at address to the value at the given address',
      operands: [['destination', 'address'], ['source', 'address']],
      execute(destination, sourceAddress) {
        const sourceValue = Memory.get(sourceAddress);
        Memory.set(destination, sourceValue);
      },
    },
    copy_to_from_constant: {
      opcode: 9001,
      description: 'set value at address to the given constant value',
      operands: [['destination', 'address'], ['source', 'constant']],
      execute(address, sourceValue) {
        Memory.set(address, sourceValue);
      },
    },
    copy_to_from_ptr: {
      opcode: 9002,
      description: `set value at destination address to the value at the
  address pointed to by the value at 'source' address`,
      operands: [['destination', 'address'], ['source', 'pointer']],
      execute(destinationAddress, sourcePointer) {
        const sourceAddress = Memory.get(sourcePointer);
        const sourceValue = Memory.get(sourceAddress);
        Memory.set(destinationAddress, sourceValue);
      },
    },
    copy_into_ptr_from: {
      opcode: 9003,
      description: `set value at the address pointed to by the value at
  'destination' address to the value at the source address`,
      operands: [['destination', 'pointer'], ['source', 'address']],
      execute(destinationPointer, sourceAddress) {
        const destinationAddress = Memory.get(destinationPointer);
        const sourceValue = Memory.get(sourceAddress);
        Memory.set(destinationAddress, sourceValue);
      },
    },
    copy_address_of_label: {
      opcode: 9004,
      description: `set value at destination address to the address of the label
  given`,
      operands: [['destination', 'address'], ['source', 'label']],
      execute(destinationAddress, labelAddress) {
        Memory.set(destinationAddress, labelAddress);
      },
    },
    
    // Next, some instructions for performing arithmetic
    add: {
      opcode: 9010,
      description: `add the value at the 'a' address with the value at the 'b'
  address and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        const result = a + b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    add_constant: {
      opcode: 9011,
      description: `add the value at the 'a' address with the constant value 'b' and store
  the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, b, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const result = a + b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    subtract: {
      opcode: 9020,
      description: `from the value at the 'a' address, subtract the value at the
  'b' address and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        const result = a - b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    subtract_constant: {
      opcode: 9021,
      description: `from the value at the 'a' address, subtract the constant value 'b' and
  store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, b, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const result = a - b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    multiply: {
      opcode: 9030,
      description: `multiply the value at the 'a' address and the value at the 'b'
  address and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        const result = a * b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    multiply_constant: {
      opcode: 9031,
      description: `multiply the value at the 'a' address and the constant value 'b' and
  store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, b, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const result = a * b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    divide: {
      opcode: 9040,
      description: `integer divide the value at the 'a' address by the value at
  the 'b' address and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        if (b === 0) throw new Error('tried to divide by zero');
        const result = Math.floor(a / b);
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    divide_constant: {
      opcode: 9041,
      description: `integer divide the value at the 'a' address by the constant value 'b'
  and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, b, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        if (b === 0) throw new Error('tried to divide by zero');
        const result = Math.floor(a / b);
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    modulo: {
      opcode: 9050,
      description: `get the value at the 'a' address modulo the value at the 'b'
  address and store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        if (b === 0) throw new Error('tried to modulo by zero');
        const result = a % b;
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    modulo_constant: {
      opcode: 9051,
      description: `get the value at the 'a' address modulo the constant value 'b' and
  store the result at the 'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, b, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const result = a % b;
        if (b === 0) throw new Error('tried to modulo by zero');
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    
    // some instructions for comparing values
    compare: {
      opcode: 9090,
      description: `compare the value at the 'a' address and the value at the 'b'
  address and store the result (-1 for a < b, 0 for a == b, 1 for a > b) at the
  'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        let result = 0;
        if (a < b) {
          result = -1;
        } else if (a > b) {
          result = 1;
        }
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    compare_constant: {
      opcode: 9091,
      description: `compare the value at the 'a' address and the constant value
  'b' and store the result (-1 for a < b, 0 for a == b, 1 for a > b) at the
  'result' address`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['result', 'address']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, resultAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = bAddress;
        let result = 0;
        if (a < b) {
          result = -1;
        } else if (a > b) {
          result = 1;
        }
        Memory.set(resultAddress, result);
      },
    },
    
    // some instructions for controlling the flow of the program
    'jump_to':  {
      opcode: 9100,
      description: `set the program counter to the address of the label specified,
  so the program continues from there`,
      operands: [['destination', 'label']],
      execute(labelAddress) {
        CPU.programCounter = labelAddress;
      },
    },
    'branch_if_equal':  {
      opcode: 9101,
      description: `if the value at address 'a' is equal to the value at address
  'b', set the program counter to the address of the label specified, so the
  program continues from there`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['destination', 'label']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, labelAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        if (a === b)  {
          CPU.programCounter = labelAddress;
        }
      },
    },
    'branch_if_equal_constant':  {
      opcode: 9102,
      description: `if the value at address 'a' is equal to the constant value 'b', set the
  program counter to the address of the label specified, so the program continues
  from there`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['destination', 'label']],
      execute(aAddress, b, labelAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        if (a === b)  {
          CPU.programCounter = labelAddress;
        }
      },
    },
    'branch_if_not_equal':  {
      opcode: 9103,
      description: `if the value at address 'a' is not equal to the value at
  address 'b', set the program counter to the address of the label specified, so
  the program continues from there`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'address'], ['destination', 'label']],
      execute(aAddress, bAddress, labelAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        const b = Memory.get(bAddress);
        if (a !== b)  {
          CPU.programCounter = labelAddress;
        }
      },
    },
    'branch_if_not_equal_constant':  {
      opcode: 9104,
      description: `if the value at address 'a' is not equal to the constant value 'b', set
  the program counter to the address of the label specified, so the program
  continues from there`,
      operands: [['a', 'address'], ['b', 'constant'], ['destination', 'label']],
      execute(aAddress, b, labelAddress) {
        const a = Memory.get(aAddress);
        if (a !== b)  {
          CPU.programCounter = labelAddress;
        }
      },
    },
    
    // some additional miscellanous instructions
    'data': {
      opcode: 9200,
      description: `operands given will be included in the program when it is
  compiled at the position that they appear in the code, so you can use a label to
  get the address of the data and access it`,
      operands: [],
      execute() {
      },
    }, 
    'break': {
      opcode: 9998,
      description: 'pause program execution, so it must be resumed via simulator UI',
      operands: [],
      execute() {
        CPU.running = false;
      },
    },
    'halt': {
      opcode: 9999,
      description: 'end program execution, requiring the simulator to be reset to start again',
      operands: [],
      execute() {
        CPU.running = false;
        CPU.halted = true;
      },
    },
  },
  
  /*
  In a real computer, there are small pieces of memory inside the CPU called
  'registers', which just hold one value at a time, but can be accessed
  very quickly. These are used for a few different purposes, such as holding a
  value that we are going to do some arithmetic operations with, before storing
  it back to the main memory of the computer. For simplicity in this simulator
  our CPU will just directly with the values in main memory instead.
  
  However, there is one CPU register we do need to simulate: the 'program counter'.
  As we move through our program, we need to keep track of where we are up to.
  The program counter contains a memory address pointing to the location of the
  program instruction we are currently executing.
  */
  programCounter: Memory.PROGRAM_START,

  /*
  We also need to keep track of whether the CPU is running or not. The 'break'
  instruction, which is like 'debugger' in Javascript, will be implemented by
  setting this to false. This will cause the simulator to stop, but we can still
  resume the program
  The 'halt' instruction will tell the CPU that we are at the end of the program,
  so it should stop executing instructions, and can't be resumed.
  */
  running: false,
  halted: false,

  reset() {
    this.programCounter = Memory.PROGRAM_START;
    this.halted = false;
    this.running = false;
  },

  /*
  Move the program counter forward to the next memory address and return the
  opcode or data at that location
  */
  advanceProgramCounter() {
    if (this.programCounter < Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_START || this.programCounter >= Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_END) {
      throw new Error(`program counter outside valid program memory region at ${this.programCounter}`);
    }
    return Memory.get(this.programCounter++);
  },

  /*
  We'll set up a mapping between our instruction names and the numerical values
  we will turn them into when we assemble the program. It is these numerical
  values ('opcodes') which will be interpreted by our simulated CPU as it runs the
  program.
  */
  instructionsToOpcodes: new Map(),
  opcodesToInstructions: new Map(),

  /*
  Advances through the program by one instruction, getting input from the input
  devices (keyboard, mouse), and then executing the instruction. After calling this,
  we'll still need to handle writing output to the output devices (screen, audio).
  */
  step() {
    Input.updateInputs();
    const opcode = this.advanceProgramCounter();
    const instructionName = this.opcodesToInstructions.get(opcode);
    if (!instructionName) {
      throw new Error(`Unknown opcode '${opcode}'`);
    }

    // read as many values from memory as the instruction takes as operands and
    // execute the instruction with those operands
    const operands = this.instructions[instructionName].operands.map(() => 
      this.advanceProgramCounter()
    );
    this.instructions[instructionName].execute.apply(null, operands);
  },

  init() {
    // Init mapping between our instruction names and opcodes
    Object.keys(this.instructions).forEach((instructionName, index) => {
      const opcode = this.instructions[instructionName].opcode;
      this.instructionsToOpcodes.set(instructionName, opcode);
      this.opcodesToInstructions.set(opcode, instructionName);
    });
  },
};

// 3.DISPLAY

const Display = {
  SCREEN_WIDTH: 30,
  SCREEN_HEIGHT: 30,
  SCREEN_PIXEL_SCALE: 20,

  /*
  To reduce the amount of memory required to contain the data for each pixel on
  the screen, we're going to use a lookup table mapping color IDs to RGB colors.
  This is sometimes called a 'color palette'.

  This means that rather than having to store a red, green and blue value for each
  color, in our simulated program we can just use the ID of the color we want to
  use for each pixel, and when the simulated video hardware draws the screen it
  can look up the actual RGB color values to use for each pixel rendered.

  The drawback of approach is that the colors you can use are much more limited,
  as you can only use a color if it's in the palette. It also means you can't
  simply lighten or darken colors using math (unless you use a clever layout of
  your palette).
  */

  COLOR_PALETTE: {
    '0':  [  0,  0,  0], // Black
    '1':  [255,255,255], // White
    '2':  [255,  0,  0], // Red
    '3':  [  0,255,  0], // Lime 
    '4':  [  0,  0,255], // Blue 
    '5':  [255,255,  0], // Yellow 
    '6':  [  0,255,255], // Cyan/Aqua
    '7':  [255,  0,255], // Magenta/Fuchsia
    '8':  [192,192,192], // Silver 
    '9':  [128,128,128], // Gray 
    '10': [128,  0,  0], // Maroon 
    '11': [128,128,  0], // Olive
    '12': [  0,128,  0], // Green
    '13': [128,  0,128], // Purple 
    '14': [  0,128,128], // Teal 
    '15': [  0,  0,128], // Navy 
  },

  getColor(pixelColorId, address) {
    const color = this.COLOR_PALETTE[pixelColorId];
    if (!color) {
      throw new Error(`Invalid color code ${pixelColorId} at address ${address}`);
    }
    return color;
  },

  imageData: (null/*: ?ImageData */),
  canvasCtx: (null/*: ?CanvasRenderingContext2D */),

  /*
  Read the pixel values from video memory, look them up in our color palette, and
  convert them to the format which the Canvas 2D API requires: an array of RGBA
  values for each pixel. This format uses 4 consecutive array slots to represent
  each pixel, one for each of the RGBA channels (red, green, blue, alpha).

  We don't need to vary the alpha (opacity) values, so we'll just set them to 255
  (full opacity) for every pixel.
  */
  drawScreen() {
    const imageData = notNull(this.imageData);
    const videoMemoryLength = Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_END - Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_START;
    const pixelsRGBA = imageData.data;
    for (var i = 0; i < videoMemoryLength; i++) {
      const pixelColorId = Memory.ram[Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_START + i];
      const colorRGB = this.getColor(pixelColorId || 0, Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_START + i);
      pixelsRGBA[i * 4] = colorRGB[0];
      pixelsRGBA[i * 4 + 1] = colorRGB[1];
      pixelsRGBA[i * 4 + 2] = colorRGB[2];
      pixelsRGBA[i * 4 + 3] = 255; // full opacity
    }

    const canvasCtx = notNull(this.canvasCtx);
    canvasCtx.putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);
  },

  init() {
    const canvasCtx = notNull(SimulatorUI.getCanvas().getContext('2d'));
    this.canvasCtx = canvasCtx;
    this.imageData = canvasCtx.createImageData(Display.SCREEN_WIDTH, Display.SCREEN_HEIGHT);
  },
};

// 4.INPUT

/*
We make mouse and keyboard input available to our simulated computer by setting
certain locations in memory the current keyboard and mouse states before each
CPU operation.

Because the browser provides an event-based API for input, we need to listen for
relevent keyboard and mouse events and keep track of their state and expose it
to the simulated computer.
*/
const Input = {
  keysPressed: new Set(),
  mouseDown: false,
  mouseX: 0,
  mouseY: 0,

  init() {
    if (!document.body) throw new Error('DOM not ready');

    document.body.onkeydown = (event) => {
      this.keysPressed.add(event.which);
    };
    document.body.onkeyup = (event) => {
      this.keysPressed.delete(event.which);
    };

    document.body.onmousedown = () => { 
      this.mouseDown = true;
    };
    document.body.onmouseup = () => {
      this.mouseDown = false;
    };

    const screenPageTop = SimulatorUI.getCanvas().getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY;
    const screenPageLeft = SimulatorUI.getCanvas().getBoundingClientRect().left + window.scrollX;
    SimulatorUI.getCanvas().onmousemove = (event) => {
      this.mouseX = Math.floor((event.pageX - screenPageTop) / Display.SCREEN_PIXEL_SCALE);
      this.mouseY = Math.floor((event.pageY - screenPageLeft) / Display.SCREEN_PIXEL_SCALE);
    };
  },

  updateInputs() {
    const mostRecentKeys = Array.from(this.keysPressed.values()).reverse();

    Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_0_ADDRESS] = mostRecentKeys[0] || 0;
    Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_1_ADDRESS] = mostRecentKeys[1] || 0;
    Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_2_ADDRESS] = mostRecentKeys[2] || 0;
    Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_BUTTON_ADDRESS] = this.mouseDown ? 1 : 0;
    Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_X_ADDRESS] = this.mouseX;
    Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_Y_ADDRESS] = this.mouseY;
    Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_PIXEL_ADDRESS] = Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_START + (Math.floor(this.mouseY)) * Display.SCREEN_WIDTH + Math.floor(this.mouseX);
    Memory.ram[Memory.RANDOM_NUMBER_ADDRESS] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 255);
    Memory.ram[Memory.CURRENT_TIME_ADDRESS] = Date.now();
  },
};

// 5.AUDIO

const Audio = {
  WAVETYPES: {
    '0': 'square',
    '1': 'sawtooth',
    '2': 'triangle',
    '3': 'sine',
  },

  MAX_GAIN: 0.15,

  audioCtx: new AudioContext(),

  audioChannels: [],

  addAudioChannel(wavetypeAddr, freqAddr, volAddr) {
    const oscillatorNode = this.audioCtx.createOscillator();
    const gainNode = this.audioCtx.createGain();
    oscillatorNode.connect(gainNode);
    gainNode.connect(this.audioCtx.destination);

    const state = {
      gain: 0,
      oscillatorType: 'square',
      frequency: 440,
    };

    gainNode.gain.value = state.gain;
    oscillatorNode.type = state.oscillatorType;
    oscillatorNode.frequency.value = state.frequency;
    oscillatorNode.start();

    return this.audioChannels.push({
      state,
      wavetypeAddr,
      freqAddr,
      volAddr,
      gainNode,
      oscillatorNode,
    });
  },

  updateAudio() {
    this.audioChannels.forEach(channel => {
      const frequency = (Memory.ram[channel.freqAddr] || 0) / 1000;
      const gain = !CPU.running ? 0 : (Memory.ram[channel.volAddr] || 0) / 100 * this.MAX_GAIN;
      const oscillatorType = this.WAVETYPES[Memory.ram[channel.wavetypeAddr] || 0];

      const {state} = channel;
      if (state.gain !== gain) {
        channel.gainNode.gain.setValueAtTime(gain, this.audioCtx.currentTime);
        state.gain = gain;
      }
      if (state.oscillatorType !== oscillatorType) {
        channel.oscillatorNode.type = oscillatorType;
        state.oscillatorType = oscillatorType;
      }
      if (state.frequency !== frequency) {
        channel.oscillatorNode.frequency.setValueAtTime(frequency, this.audioCtx.currentTime);
        state.frequency = frequency;
      }
    });
  },

  init() {
    this.addAudioChannel(
      Memory.AUDIO_CH1_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH1_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH1_VOLUME_ADDRESS
    );
    this.addAudioChannel(
      Memory.AUDIO_CH2_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH2_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH2_VOLUME_ADDRESS
    );
    this.addAudioChannel(
      Memory.AUDIO_CH3_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH3_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS,
      Memory.AUDIO_CH3_VOLUME_ADDRESS
    );
  },
};

// 6.ASSEMBLER

/*
We use a simple text-based language to input our program. This is our 'assembly
language'. We need to convert it into a form which is made up of only numerical
values so we can load it into our computer's Memory. This is a two step process:

1. parse program text into an array of objects representing our instructions and
  their operands.
2. convert the objects into numeric values to be interpreted by the CPU. This is
  our 'machine code'.

We parse the program text into tokens by splitting the text into lines, then
splitting those lines into tokens (words), which gives us to an instruction name
and operands for that instruction, from each line.
*/

const Assembler = {
  // we'll keep a map of instructions which take a label as an operand so we
  // know when to substitute an operand for the corresponding label address
  instructionsLabelOperands: new Map(),

  initInstructionsLabelOperands() {
    Object.keys(CPU.instructions).forEach(name => {
      const labelOperandIndex = CPU.instructions[name].operands.findIndex(operand =>
        operand[1] === 'label'
      );
      if (labelOperandIndex > -1) {
        this.instructionsLabelOperands.set(name, labelOperandIndex);
      }
    });
  },

  parseProgramText(programText) {
    const programInstructions = [];
    const lines = programText.split('\n');
    for (let line of lines) {
      const instruction = {name: '', operands: []};
      let tokens = line.replace(/;.*$/, '') // strip comments
        .split(' ');
      for (let token of tokens) {
        // skip empty tokens
        if (token == null || token == "") {
          continue;
        }
        // first token
        if (!instruction.name) {
          // special case for labels
          if (token.endsWith(':')) {
            instruction.name = 'label';
            instruction.operands.push(token.slice(0, token.length - 1));
            break;
          }

          instruction.name = token; // instruction name token
        } else {
          // handle text operands
          if (
            (
              // define name
              instruction.name === 'define' &&
              instruction.operands.length === 0
            ) || (
              // label used as operand
              this.instructionsLabelOperands.get(instruction.name) === instruction.operands.length
            )
          ) {
            instruction.operands.push(token);
            continue;
          }

          // try to parse number operands
          const number = parseInt(token, 10);
          if (Number.isNaN(number)) {
            instruction.operands.push(token);
          } else {
            instruction.operands.push(number);
          }
        }
      }

      // validate number of operands given
      if (
        instruction.name &&
        instruction.name !== 'label' &&
        instruction.name !== 'data' &&
        instruction.name !== 'define'
      ) {
        const expectedOperands = CPU.instructions[instruction.name].operands;
        if (instruction.operands.length !== expectedOperands.length) {
          throw new Error(`Wrong number of operands for instruction ${instruction.name}
  got ${instruction.operands.length}, expected ${expectedOperands.length}
  at line '${line}'`
          );
        }
      }

      //  if instruction was found on this line, add it to the program
      if (instruction.name) {
        programInstructions.push(instruction);
      }
    }
    programInstructions.push({name: 'halt', operands: []});
    return programInstructions;
  },

  /*
  Having parsed our program text into an array of objects containing instruction
  name and the operands to the instruction, we need to turn those objects into
  numeric values we can store in the computer's memory, and load them in there.
  */
  assembleAndLoadProgram(programInstructions) {
    // 'label' is a special case – it's not really an instruction which the CPU
    // understands. Instead, it's a marker for the location of the next
    // instruction, which we can substitute for the actual location once we know
    // the memory locations in the assembled program which the labels refer to.
    const labelAddresses = {};
    let labelAddress = Memory.PROGRAM_START;
    for (let instruction of programInstructions) {
      if (instruction.name === 'label') {
        const labelName = instruction.operands[0];
        labelAddresses[labelName] = labelAddress;
      } else if (instruction.name === 'define') {
        continue;
      } else {
        // advance labelAddress by the length of the instruction and its operands
        labelAddress += 1 + instruction.operands.length;
      }
    }

    const defines = {};

    // load instructions and operands into memory
    let loadingAddress = Memory.PROGRAM_START;
    for (let instruction of programInstructions) {
      if (instruction.name === 'label') {
        continue;
      }
      if (instruction.name === 'define') {
        defines[instruction.operands[0]] = instruction.operands[1];
        continue;
      }

      if (instruction.name === 'data') {
        for (var i = 0; i < instruction.operands.length; i++) {
          Memory.ram[loadingAddress++] = instruction.operands[i];
        }
        continue;
      }

      // for each instruction, we first write the relevant opcode to memory
      const opcode = CPU.instructionsToOpcodes.get(instruction.name);
      if (!opcode) {
        throw new Error(`No opcode found for instruction '${instruction.name}'`);
      }
      Memory.ram[loadingAddress++] = opcode;
      
      // then, we write the operands for instruction to memory
      const operands = instruction.operands.slice(0);

      // replace labels used as operands with actual memory address
      if (this.instructionsLabelOperands.has(instruction.name)) {
        const labelOperandIndex = this.instructionsLabelOperands.get(instruction.name);
        if (typeof labelOperandIndex !== 'number') throw new Error('expected number');
        const labelName = instruction.operands[labelOperandIndex];
        const labelAddress = labelAddresses[labelName];
        if (!labelAddress) {
          throw new Error(`unknown label '${labelName}'`);
        }
        operands[labelOperandIndex] = labelAddress;
      }

      for (var i = 0; i < operands.length; i++) {
        let value = null;
        if (typeof operands[i] === 'string') {
          if (operands[i] in defines) {
            value = defines[operands[i]];
          } else {
            throw new Error(`'${operands[i]}' not defined`);
          }
        } else {
          value = operands[i];
        }

        Memory.ram[loadingAddress++] = value;
      }
    }
  },

  init() {
    this.initInstructionsLabelOperands();
  }
};

// 7.SIMULATION CONTROL

const Simulation = {
  CYCLES_PER_YIELD: 997,

  delayBetweenCycles: 0,

  loop() {
    if (Simulation.delayBetweenCycles === 0) {
      // running full speed, execute a bunch of instructions before yielding
      // to the JS event loop, to achieve decent 'real time' execution speed
      for (var i = 0; i < Simulation.CYCLES_PER_YIELD; i++) {
        if (!CPU.running) {
          Simulation.stop();
          break;
        }
        CPU.step();
      }
    } else {
      // run only one execution before yielding to the JS event loop so screen
      // and UI changes can be shown, and new mouse and keyboard input taken
      CPU.step();
      SimulatorUI.updateUI();
    }
    Simulation.updateOutputs();
    if (CPU.running) {
      setTimeout(Simulation.loop, Simulation.delayBetweenCycles);
    }
  },

  run() {
    CPU.running = true;
    SimulatorUI.updateUI();
    SimulatorUI.updateSpeedUI();
    this.loop();
  },

  stop() {
    CPU.running = false;
    SimulatorUI.updateUI();
    SimulatorUI.updateSpeedUI();
  },

  updateOutputs() {
    Display.drawScreen();
    Audio.updateAudio();
  },

  loadProgramAndReset() {
    /*
    In a real computer, memory addresses which have never had any value set are
    considered 'uninitialized', and might contain any garbage value, but to keep
    our simulation simple we're going to initialize every location with the value
    0. However, just like in a real computer, in our simulation it is possible
    for us to mistakenly read from the wrong place in memory if we have a bug in
    our simulated program where we get the memory address wrong.
    */
    for (var i = 0; i < Memory.TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE; i++) {
      Memory.ram[i] = 0;
    }

    const programText = SimulatorUI.getProgramText();
    try {
      Assembler.assembleAndLoadProgram(Assembler.parseProgramText(programText));
    } catch (err) {
      alert(err.stack);
      console.error(err.stack)
    }
    SimulatorUI.setLoadedProgramText(programText);

    CPU.reset();
    this.updateOutputs();
    SimulatorUI.updateProgramMemoryView();
    SimulatorUI.updateUI();
    SimulatorUI.updateSpeedUI();
  },

  stepOnce() {
    CPU.running = true;
    CPU.step();
    CPU.running = false;
    this.updateOutputs();
    SimulatorUI.updateUI();
  },

  runStop() {
    if (CPU.running) {
      this.stop();
    } else {
      this.run();
    }
  },
}

// 8.BUILT-IN PROGRAMS

const PROGRAMS = {
  'Add':
`
define a 0
define b 1
define result 2

copy_to_from_constant a 4
copy_to_from_constant b 4
add a b result
; look at memory location 2, you should now see '8'
`,

  'RandomPixels':
`
define videoStartAddr 2100
define videoEndAddr 3000
define randomNumberAddr 2050
define numColors 16

FillScreen:
define fillScreenPtr 0 ; address at which store address of current screen pixel in loop
copy_to_from_constant fillScreenPtr videoStartAddr ; initialize to point to first pixel
jump_to FillScreenLoop

FillScreenLoop:
define tempAddr 1 ; address to use for temporary storage

; modulo random value by number of colors in palette to get a random color...
modulo_constant randomNumberAddr numColors tempAddr

; ...and write it to current screen pixel, eg. the address pointed to by fillScreenPtr
copy_into_ptr_from fillScreenPtr tempAddr

; increment pointer to point to next screen pixel address
add_constant fillScreenPtr 1 fillScreenPtr

branch_if_not_equal_constant fillScreenPtr videoEndAddr FillScreenLoop ; if not finished, repeat
jump_to FillScreen ; filled screen, now start again from the top
`,

  'Paint':
`Init:

define colorPickerStartAddr 2100
define colorPickerEndAddr 2116
define mousePixelAddr 2012
define mouseButtonAddr 2013
define currentColorAddr 0
define loopCounterAddr 1
define numColors 16
define comparisonResultAddr 4
define lastClickedAddr 2
define lessThanResult -1

copy_to_from_constant loopCounterAddr colorPickerStartAddr ; init loop counter to start of video memory
copy_to_from_constant currentColorAddr 0 ; we'll use this while drawing color picker
DrawColorPickerLoop:
copy_into_ptr_from loopCounterAddr currentColorAddr
add_constant loopCounterAddr 1 loopCounterAddr
add_constant currentColorAddr 1 currentColorAddr
branch_if_not_equal_constant loopCounterAddr colorPickerEndAddr DrawColorPickerLoop
copy_to_from_constant currentColorAddr 3; initial color (green)

MainLoop:
branch_if_equal_constant mouseButtonAddr loopCounterAddr HandleClick
jump_to MainLoop

HandleClick:
copy_to_from lastClickedAddr mousePixelAddr ; store mouse location in case it changes
compare_constant lastClickedAddr colorPickerEndAddr comparisonResultAddr
branch_if_equal_constant comparisonResultAddr lessThanResult SelectColor
jump_to PaintAtCursor

SelectColor:
subtract_constant lastClickedAddr colorPickerStartAddr currentColorAddr
jump_to MainLoop

PaintAtCursor:
copy_into_ptr_from lastClickedAddr currentColorAddr ; set pixel at mouse cursor to color at currentColorAddr
jump_to MainLoop
`,

  'ChocolateRain': `
define accumulatorAddr 0
define dataTempAddr 1
define musicPlayheadPtr 2
define startTimeAddr 3
define channelDestinationPtr 4
define currentTimeAddr 2051
define beatLengthInMS 200
define ch1WaveTypeAddr 3000
define ch1FreqAddr 3001
define ch2WaveTypeAddr 3003

copy_to_from_constant ch1WaveTypeAddr 3 ; sine
copy_to_from_constant ch2WaveTypeAddr 0 ; sawtooth

Reset:
copy_to_from startTimeAddr currentTimeAddr ; keep time started to calculate time elapsed

copy_address_of_label musicPlayheadPtr MusicData

WaitForEvent:
; calculate current beat from time
subtract currentTimeAddr startTimeAddr accumulatorAddr
divide_constant accumulatorAddr beatLengthInMS accumulatorAddr
copy_to_from_ptr dataTempAddr musicPlayheadPtr

branch_if_equal_constant dataTempAddr -1 Reset
compare accumulatorAddr dataTempAddr dataTempAddr
branch_if_not_equal_constant dataTempAddr -1 PlayNote
jump_to WaitForEvent

PlayNote:
; advance source pointer to channel data
add_constant musicPlayheadPtr 1 musicPlayheadPtr

; move dest pointer to frequency address for channel
copy_to_from_constant channelDestinationPtr ch1FreqAddr ; move to ch1FreqAddr
; in dataTempAddr, calculate relative offset of channel's frequency address from ch1FreqAddr
copy_to_from_ptr dataTempAddr musicPlayheadPtr
multiply_constant dataTempAddr 3 dataTempAddr
; increment pointer by channel offset to point to correct channel's frequency address
add channelDestinationPtr dataTempAddr channelDestinationPtr

add_constant musicPlayheadPtr 1 musicPlayheadPtr ; advance source pointer to frequency data

; copy frequency
copy_to_from_ptr dataTempAddr musicPlayheadPtr
copy_into_ptr_from channelDestinationPtr dataTempAddr

; move destination pointer to volume address for channel
add_constant channelDestinationPtr 1 channelDestinationPtr
; advance source pointer to volume dataTempAddr
add_constant musicPlayheadPtr 1 musicPlayheadPtr

; copy volume
copy_to_from_ptr dataTempAddr musicPlayheadPtr
copy_into_ptr_from channelDestinationPtr dataTempAddr

add_constant musicPlayheadPtr 1 musicPlayheadPtr ; advance to next music event
jump_to WaitForEvent


MusicData:
data  0 1 195997  53
data  0 0 622253  53
data  0 0 130812  53
data  1 0 622253  0
data  1 0 622253  58
data  2 1 195997  0
data  2 1 155563  56
data  2 0 130812  0
data  2 0 622253  0
data  2 0 783990  68
data  3 0 783990  0
data  3 0 523251  49
data  4 1 155563  0
data  4 1 195997  64
data  4 0 523251  0
data  4 0 698456  64
data  4 0 233081  52
data  5 0 698456  0
data  5 0 466163  50
data  6 1 195997  0
data  6 0 233081  0
data  6 0 466163  0
data  6 0 587329  64
data  7 0 587329  0
data  7 0 622253  60
data  7 0 195997  51
data  8 0 622253  0
data  8 0 311126  43
data  9 0 195997  0
data  9 0 311126  0
data  9 0 523251  69
data  10  0 523251  0
data  10  0 391995  50
data  11  0 391995  0
data  11  0 587329  71
data  11  0 146832  50
data  12  0 146832  0
data  12  0 587329  0
data  12  0 391995  50
data  13  0 391995  0
data  13  0 466163  61
data  14  0 466163  0
data  14  0 523251  63
data  14  0 155563  50
data  15  1 146832  50
data  15  0 523251  0
data  15  0 391995  51
data  16  1 146832  0
data  16  1 155563  57
data  16  0 155563  0
data  16  0 391995  0
data  16  0 622253  68
data  16  0 207652  60
data  17  0 622253  0
data  17  0 622253  60
data  18  1 155563  0
data  18  1 195997  62
data  18  0 207652  0
data  18  0 622253  0
data  18  0 783990  63
data  18  0 311126  70
data  19  1 195997  0
data  19  1 174614  54
data  19  0 783990  0
data  19  0 523251  46
data  20  1 174614  0
data  20  0 311126  0
data  20  0 523251  0
data  20  0 698456  66
data  20  0 293664  57
data  21  1 146832  55
data  21  0 698456  0
data  21  0 466163  51
data  22  0 293664  0
data  22  0 466163  0
data  22  0 587329  65
data  22  0 233081  52
data  23  1 146832  0
data  23  1 155563  59
data  23  0 233081  0
data  23  0 587329  0
data  23  0 622253  63
data  23  0 261625  65
data  24  0 622253  0
data  24  0 311126  41
data  25  1 155563  0
data  25  1 130812  57
data  25  0 261625  0
data  25  0 311126  0
data  25  0 523251  66
data  25  0 195997  58
data  26  0 523251  0
data  26  0 391995  53
data  27  1 130812  0
data  27  1 146832  60
data  27  0 195997  0
data  27  0 391995  0
data  27  0 587329  69
data  27  0 233081  63
data  28  0 587329  0
data  28  0 391995  52
data  29  1 146832  0
data  29  1 116540  56
data  29  0 233081  0
data  29  0 391995  0
data  29  0 466163  59
data  30  1 116540  0
data  30  1 130812  63
data  30  0 466163  0
data  30  0 523251  61
data  30  0 261625  56
data  31  0 523251  0
data  31  0 391995  50
data  32  1 130812  0
data  32  1 233081  65
data  32  0 261625  0
data  32  0 391995  0
data  32  0 622253  73
data  32  0 207652  53
data  33  0 622253  0
data  33  0 622253  60
data  34  1 233081  0
data  34  1 155563  52
data  34  0 207652  0
data  34  0 622253  0
data  34  0 783990  64
data  35  0 783990  0
data  35  0 523251  50
data  36  1 155563  0
data  36  1 195997  62
data  36  0 523251  0
data  36  0 932327  71
data  36  0 174614  53
data  37  0 932327  0
data  37  0 466163  43
data  38  1 195997  0
data  38  0 174614  0
data  38  0 466163  0
data  38  0 587329  62
data  39  0 587329  0
data  39  0 622253  60
data  39  0 261625  50
data  40  0 622253  0
data  40  0 311126  43
data  41  0 261625  0
data  41  0 311126  0
data  41  0 523251  66
data  42  0 523251  0
data  42  0 391995  53
data  43  0 391995  0
data  43  0 587329  68
data  43  0 293664  55
data  44  0 293664  0
data  44  0 587329  0
data  44  0 391995  49
data  45  0 391995  0
data  45  0 466163  67
data  46  0 466163  0
data  46  0 523251  67
data  46  0 311126  50
data  47  1 146832  54
data  47  0 523251  0
data  47  0 523251  61
data  48  1 146832  0
data  48  1 155563  60
data  48  0 311126  0
data  48  0 523251  0
data  48  0 1046502 71
data  48  0 207652  53
data  49  0 1046502 0
data  49  0 523251  45
data  50  1 155563  0
data  50  1 195997  64
data  50  0 207652  0
data  50  0 523251  0
data  50  0 783990  68
data  51  1 195997  0
data  51  1 174614  60
data  51  0 783990  0
data  51  0 783990  58
data  52  1 174614  0
data  52  0 783990  0
data  52  0 932327  64
data  52  0 195997  53
data  53  1 146832  50
data  53  0 932327  0
data  53  0 466163  43
data  54  0 195997  0
data  54  0 466163  0
data  54  0 698456  64
data  55  1 146832  0
data  55  1 155563  58
data  55  0 698456  0
data  55  0 783990  64
data  55  0 207652  51
data  56  0 783990  0
data  56  0 415304  43
data  57  1 155563  0
data  57  1 130812  56
data  57  0 207652  0
data  57  0 415304  0
data  57  0 622253  67
data  58  0 622253  0
data  58  0 523251  56
data  59  1 130812  0
data  59  1 146832  57
data  59  0 523251  0
data  59  0 698456  71
data  59  0 233081  57
data  60  0 233081  0
data  60  0 698456  0
data  60  0 466163  49
data  61  1 146832  0
data  61  1 116540  52
data  61  0 466163  0
data  61  0 587329  64
data  62  1 116540  0
data  62  1 130812  57
data  62  0 587329  0
data  62  0 622253  62
data  62  0 261625  56
data  64  1 130812  0
data  64  1 195997  64
data  64  0 261625  0
data  64  0 622253  0
data  64  0 622253  61
data  64  0 130812  52
data -1
`,

  'Custom 1': '',
  'Custom 2': '',
  'Custom 3': '',
};

// boring code for rendering user interface of the simulator
// not really important for understanding how computers work
const UI = {
  $(selector) {
    const el = document.querySelector(selector);
    if (el == null) throw new Error(`couldn't find selector '${selector}'`);
    return el;
  },

  $Input(selector) {
    const el = UI.$(selector);
    if (el instanceof HTMLInputElement) return el;
    throw new Error('expected HTMLInputElement');
  },
  $TextArea(selector) {
    const el = UI.$(selector);
    if (el instanceof HTMLTextAreaElement) return el;
    throw new Error('expected HTMLTextAreaElement');
  },
  $Button(selector) {
    const el = UI.$(selector);
    if (el instanceof HTMLButtonElement) return el;
    throw new Error('expected HTMLButtonElement');
  },
  $Canvas(selector) {
    const el = UI.$(selector);
    if (el instanceof HTMLCanvasElement) return el;
    throw new Error('expected HTMLCanvasElement');
  },
  $Select(selector) {
    const el = UI.$(selector);
    if (el instanceof HTMLSelectElement) return el;
    throw new Error('expected HTMLSelectElement');
  },

  virtualizedScrollView(container, containerHeight, itemHeight, numItems, renderItems) {
    Object.assign(container.style, {
      height: `${containerHeight}px`,
      overflow: 'auto',
    });
    const content = document.createElement('div');
    Object.assign(content.style, {
      height: `${itemHeight * numItems}px`,
      overflow: 'hidden',
    });
    container.appendChild(content);

    const rows = document.createElement('div');
    content.appendChild(rows);

    const overscan = 10; // how many rows above/below viewport to render

    const renderRowsInView = () => requestAnimationFrame(() => {
      const start = Math.max(0, Math.floor(container.scrollTop / itemHeight) - overscan);
      const end = Math.min(numItems, Math.ceil((container.scrollTop + containerHeight) / itemHeight) + overscan);
      const offsetTop = start * itemHeight;

      rows.style.transform = `translateY(${offsetTop}px)`;
      rows.innerHTML = renderItems(start, end);
    });

    container.onscroll = renderRowsInView;

    return renderRowsInView;
  }
};

const SimulatorUI = {
  selectedProgram: localStorage.getItem('selectedProgram') || 'RandomPixels',

  initUI() {
    const programSelectorEl = UI.$Select('#programSelector');
    // init program selector
    Object.keys(PROGRAMS).forEach(programName => {
      const option = document.createElement('option');
      option.value = programName;
      option.textContent = programName;
      programSelectorEl.append(option);
    });
    programSelectorEl.value = this.selectedProgram;
    this.selectProgram();
  },

  getProgramText() {
    return UI.$TextArea('#program').value;
  },

  getCanvas() {
    return UI.$Canvas('#canvas');
  },

  initScreen(width, height, pixelScale) {
    let imageRendering = 'pixelated';
    if (/firefox/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) {
      imageRendering = '-moz-crisp-edges';
    }
    Object.assign(SimulatorUI.getCanvas(), {width, height});
    // scale our (very low resolution) canvas up to a more viewable size using CSS transforms
    // $FlowFixMe: ignore unknown property '-ms-interpolation-mode'
    Object.assign(SimulatorUI.getCanvas().style, {
      transformOrigin: 'top left',
      transform: `scale(${pixelScale})`,
      '-ms-interpolation-mode': 'nearest-neighbor',
      imageRendering,
    });
  },

  loadedProgramText: '',
  setLoadedProgramText(programText) {
    this.loadedProgramText = programText;
    UI.$Button('#loadProgramButton').disabled = true;
  },

  updateLoadProgramButton() {
    UI.$Button('#loadProgramButton').disabled = this.loadedProgramText === this.getProgramText();
  },

  selectProgram() {
    this.selectedProgram = UI.$Select('#programSelector').value;
    localStorage.setItem('selectedProgram', this.selectedProgram);
    UI.$TextArea('#program').value =
      localStorage.getItem(this.selectedProgram) || PROGRAMS[this.selectedProgram] || '';
    this.updateLoadProgramButton();
  },

  editProgramText() {
    if (this.selectedProgram.startsWith('Custom')) {
      localStorage.setItem(this.selectedProgram, UI.$TextArea('#program').value);
    }
    this.updateLoadProgramButton();
  },

  setSpeed() {
    Simulation.delayBetweenCycles = -parseInt(UI.$Input('#speed').value, 10);
    this.updateSpeedUI();
  },

  setFullspeed() {
    const fullspeedEl = UI.$Input('#fullspeed');
    if (fullspeedEl && fullspeedEl.checked) {
      Simulation.delayBetweenCycles = 0;
    } else {
      Simulation.delayBetweenCycles = 1;
    }
    this.updateSpeedUI();
  },

  updateSpeedUI() {
    const fullspeed = Simulation.delayBetweenCycles === 0;
    const runningAtFullspeed = CPU.running && fullspeed;
    UI.$Input('#fullspeed').checked = fullspeed;
    UI.$Input('#speed').value = String(-Simulation.delayBetweenCycles);
    UI.$('#debugger').classList.toggle('fullspeed', runningAtFullspeed);
    UI.$('#debuggerMessageArea').textContent = runningAtFullspeed ?
      'debug UI disabled when CPU.running at full speed' : '';
  },

  updateUI() {
    UI.$Input('#programCounter').value = String(CPU.programCounter);
    if (CPU.halted) {
      UI.$('#running').textContent = 'halted';
      UI.$Button('#stepButton').disabled = true;
      UI.$Button('#runButton').disabled = true;
    } else {
      UI.$('#running').textContent = CPU.running ? 'running' : 'paused';
      UI.$Button('#stepButton').disabled = false;
      UI.$Button('#runButton').disabled = false;
    }
    this.updateWorkingMemoryView();
    this.updateInputMemoryView();
    this.updateVideoMemoryView();
    this.updateAudioMemoryView();
    if (Simulation.delayBetweenCycles > 300 || !CPU.running) {
      if (typeof this.scrollToProgramLine == 'function') {
        this.scrollToProgramLine(Math.max(0, CPU.programCounter - Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_START - 3));
      }
    }
  },

  updateWorkingMemoryView() {
    const lines = [];
    for (var i = Memory.WORKING_MEMORY_START; i < Memory.WORKING_MEMORY_END; i++) {
      lines.push(`${i}: ${Memory.ram[i]}`);
    }
    UI.$TextArea('#workingMemoryView').textContent = lines.join('\n');
  },

  scrollToProgramLine: (item) => {},
  updateProgramMemoryView() {
    const lines = [];
    for (var i = Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_START; i < Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_END; i++) {
      const instruction = CPU.opcodesToInstructions.get(Memory.ram[i]);
      lines.push(`${padRight(i, 4)}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[i], 8)} ${instruction || ''}`);
      if (instruction) {
        const operands = CPU.instructions[instruction].operands;
        for (var j = 0; j < operands.length; j++) {
          lines.push(`${padRight(i + 1 + j, 4)}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[i + 1 + j], 8)}   ${operands[j][0]} (${operands[j][1]})`);
        }
        i += operands.length;
      }
    }
    
    const itemHeight = 14;
    const renderProgramMemoryView = UI.virtualizedScrollView(
      UI.$('#programMemoryView'),
      136,
      itemHeight,
      lines.length,
      (start, end) => (
        lines.slice(start, end)
          .map((l, i) => {
            const current = Memory.PROGRAM_MEMORY_START + start + i === CPU.programCounter;
            return `
  <pre
    class="tablerow"
    style="height: ${itemHeight}px; background: ${current ? '#eee' : 'none'}"
  >${l}</pre>
            `;
          })
          .join('')
      )
    );

    this.scrollToProgramLine = (item) => {
      UI.$('#programMemoryView').scrollTop = item * itemHeight;
      renderProgramMemoryView(); 
    };

    renderProgramMemoryView();
  },

  updateInputMemoryView() {
    UI.$TextArea('#inputMemoryView').textContent =
      `${Memory.KEYCODE_0_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_0_ADDRESS], 8)} keycode 0
${Memory.KEYCODE_1_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_1_ADDRESS], 8)} keycode 1
${Memory.KEYCODE_2_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.KEYCODE_2_ADDRESS], 8)} keycode 2
${Memory.MOUSE_X_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_X_ADDRESS], 8)} mouse x
${Memory.MOUSE_Y_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_Y_ADDRESS], 8)} mouse y
${Memory.MOUSE_PIXEL_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_PIXEL_ADDRESS], 8)} mouse pixel
${Memory.MOUSE_BUTTON_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.MOUSE_BUTTON_ADDRESS], 8)} mouse button
${Memory.RANDOM_NUMBER_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.RANDOM_NUMBER_ADDRESS], 8)} random number
${Memory.CURRENT_TIME_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.CURRENT_TIME_ADDRESS], 8)} current time`;
  },

  updateVideoMemoryView() {
    const lines = [];
    for (var i = Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_START; i < Memory.VIDEO_MEMORY_END; i++) {
      lines.push(`${i}: ${Memory.ram[i]}`);
    }
    UI.$TextArea('#videoMemoryView').textContent = lines.join('\n');
  },

  updateAudioMemoryView() {
    UI.$TextArea('#audioMemoryView').textContent =
  `${Memory.AUDIO_CH1_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH1_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch1 wavetype
${Memory.AUDIO_CH1_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH1_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch1 frequency
${Memory.AUDIO_CH1_VOLUME_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH1_VOLUME_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch1 volume
${Memory.AUDIO_CH2_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH2_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch2 wavetype
${Memory.AUDIO_CH2_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH2_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch2 frequency
${Memory.AUDIO_CH2_VOLUME_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH2_VOLUME_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch2 volume
${Memory.AUDIO_CH3_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH3_WAVETYPE_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch3 wavetype
${Memory.AUDIO_CH3_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH3_FREQUENCY_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch3 frequency
${Memory.AUDIO_CH3_VOLUME_ADDRESS}: ${padRight(Memory.ram[Memory.AUDIO_CH3_VOLUME_ADDRESS], 8)} audio ch3 volume`;
  },
}

function clamp(val, min, max) {
  return Math.min(min, Math.max(max, val));
}

function padRight(input, length) {
  const str = input + '';
  let padded = str;
  for (var i = str.length; i < length; i++) {
    padded += " ";
  }
  return padded;
}

/*:: declare function notNull<T>(val: ?T): T; */
function notNull(val) {
  if (val != null) return val;
  throw new Error('unexpected null');
}

CPU.init();
Display.init();
Input.init();
Audio.init();
Assembler.init();
SimulatorUI.initScreen(Display.SCREEN_WIDTH, Display.SCREEN_HEIGHT, Display.SCREEN_PIXEL_SCALE);
SimulatorUI.initUI();
Simulation.loadProgramAndReset();