diff --git a/.github/workflows/bazel_cpu_rbe.yml b/.github/workflows/bazel_cpu_rbe.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8862ddf05a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/bazel_cpu_rbe.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+name: CI - Bazel CPU tests (RBE)
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+      branches:
+        - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      halt-for-connection:
+        description: 'Should this workflow run wait for a remote connection?'
+        type: choice
+        required: true
+        default: 'no'
+        options:
+        - 'yes'
+        - 'no'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  run_tests:
+    if: github.event.repository.fork == false
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        runner: ["linux-x86-n2-64", "linux-arm64-t2a-48"]
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    # TODO(b/369382309): Replace Linux Arm64 container with the ml-build container once it is available
+    container: ${{ (contains(matrix.runner, 'linux-x86') && 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/tensorflow-sigs/tensorflow/ml-build:latest') ||
+                   (contains(matrix.runner, 'linux-arm64') && 'us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/tensorflow-sigs/tensorflow/linux-arm64-arc-container:latest') }}
+
+    env:
+      JAXCI_HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Wait For Connection
+        uses: google-ml-infra/actions/ci_connection@main
+        with:
+          halt-dispatch-input: ${{ inputs.halt-for-connection }}
+      - name: Run Bazel CPU Tests with RBE
+        run: ./ci/run_bazel_test.sh "ci/envs/run_tests/bazel_cpu_rbe.env"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/README.md b/ci/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ea867df52f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# JAX continuous integration
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> This folder is still under construction. It is part of an ongoing
+> effort to improve the structure of CI and build related files within the
+> JAX repo. This warning will be removed when the contents of this
+> directory are stable and appropriate documentation around its usage is in
+> place.
+
+********************************************************************************
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/envs/default.env b/ci/envs/default.env
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c89eefccbc55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/envs/default.env
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Copyright 2024 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+# This file contains all the default values for the "JAXCI_" environment
+# variables used in the CI scripts. These variables are used to control the
+# behavior of the CI scripts such as the Python version used, path to JAX/XLA
+# repo, if to clone XLA repo, etc.
+
+# The path to the JAX git repository.
+export JAXCI_JAX_GIT_DIR=$(pwd)
+
+# Controls the version of Hermetic Python to use. Use system default if not
+# set.
+export JAXCI_HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION=${JAXCI_HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION:-$(python3 -V | awk '{print $2}' | awk -F. '{print $1"."$2}')}
+
+# Set JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR to the root of the XLA git repository to use a local
+# copy of XLA instead of the pinned version in the WORKSPACE. When
+# JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA=1, this gets set automatically.
+export JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR=${JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR:-}
+
+# If set to 1, the builds will clone the XLA repository at HEAD and set its
+# path in JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR.
+export JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA=${JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA:-0}
+
+# Allows overriding the XLA commit that is used.
+export JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT=${JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT:-}
+
+# #############################################################################
+# Environment variables that control the type of tests that are run by the test
+# scripts.
+# #############################################################################
+export JAXCI_RUN_BAZEL_TEST_CPU_RBE=0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/envs/run_tests/bazel_cpu_rbe.env b/ci/envs/run_tests/bazel_cpu_rbe.env
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..79847364b495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/envs/run_tests/bazel_cpu_rbe.env
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Copyright 2024 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+# Inherit default JAXCI environment variables.
+source ci/envs/default.env
+
+# Enable Bazel CPU tests.
+export JAXCI_RUN_BAZEL_TEST_CPU_RBE=1
+
+# Clone XLA at HEAD.
+export JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA=1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/run_bazel_test.sh b/ci/run_bazel_test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..3390baaf2924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/run_bazel_test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Copyright 2024 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+# Source "JAXCI_" environment variables.
+source "ci/utilities/source_jaxci_envs.sh" "$1"
+# Set up the build environment.
+source "ci/utilities/setup_build_environment.sh"
+
+# Run Bazel CPU tests with RBE.
+if [[ $JAXCI_RUN_BAZEL_TEST_CPU_RBE == 1 ]]; then
+      os=$(uname -s | awk '{print tolower($0)}')
+      arch=$(uname -m)
+
+      # When running on Mac or Linux Aarch64, we only build the test targets and
+      # not run them. These platforms do not have native RBE support so we
+      # RBE cross-compile them on remote Linux x86 machines. As the tests still
+      # need to be run on the host machine and because running the tests on a
+      # single machine can take a long time, we skip running them on these
+      # platforms.
+      if [[ $os == "darwin" ]] || ( [[ $os == "linux" ]] && [[ $arch == "aarch64" ]] ); then
+            echo "Building RBE CPU tests..."
+            bazel build --config=rbe_cross_compile_${os}_${arch} \
+                  --repo_env=HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION="$JAXCI_HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION" \
+                  --override_repository=xla="${JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR}" \
+                  --test_env=JAX_NUM_GENERATED_CASES=25 \
+                  --test_env=JAX_SKIP_SLOW_TESTS=true \
+                  --action_env=JAX_ENABLE_X64=0 \
+                  --test_output=errors \
+                  //tests:cpu_tests //tests:backend_independent_tests
+      else
+            echo "Running RBE CPU tests..."
+            bazel test --config=rbe_${os}_${arch} \
+                  --repo_env=HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION="$JAXCI_HERMETIC_PYTHON_VERSION" \
+                  --override_repository=xla="${JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR}" \
+                  --test_env=JAX_NUM_GENERATED_CASES=25 \
+                  --test_env=JAX_SKIP_SLOW_TESTS=true \
+                  --action_env=JAX_ENABLE_X64=0 \
+                  --test_output=errors \
+                  //tests:cpu_tests //tests:backend_independent_tests
+      fi
+fi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/utilities/setup_build_environment.sh b/ci/utilities/setup_build_environment.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6ade4c7b4893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/utilities/setup_build_environment.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Copyright 2024 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+#
+# Set up the build environment for JAX CI jobs. This script depends on the
+# environment variables sourced in `source_jax_ci_envs.sh`.
+# -e: abort script if one command fails
+# -u: error if undefined variable used
+# -x: log all commands
+# -o pipefail: entire command fails if pipe fails. watch out for yes | ...
+# -o history: record shell history
+# -o allexport: export all functions and variables to be available to subscripts
+set -exuo pipefail -o history -o allexport
+
+# Pre-emptively mark the JAX git directory as safe. This is necessary for JAX CI
+# jobs running on Linux runners in GitHub Actions. Without this, git complains
+# that the directory has dubious ownership and refuses to run any commands.
+# Avoid running on Windows runners as git runs into issues with not being able
+# to lock the config file. Other git commands seem to work on the Windows
+# runners so we can skip this step for Windows.
+# TODO(b/375073267): Remove this once we understand why git repositories are
+# being marked as unsafe inside the self-hosted runners.
+if [[ ! $(uname -s) =~ "MSYS_NT" ]]; then
+  git config --global --add safe.directory $JAXCI_JAX_GIT_DIR
+fi
+
+function clone_main_xla() {
+  echo "Cloning XLA at HEAD to $(pwd)/xla"
+  git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/openxla/xla.git $(pwd)/xla
+  export JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR=$(pwd)/xla
+}
+
+# Clone XLA at HEAD if required.
+if [[ "$JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA" == 1 ]]; then
+  # Clone only if $(pwd)/xla does not exist to avoid failure on re-runs.
+  if [[ ! -d $(pwd)/xla ]]; then
+    clone_main_xla
+  fi
+fi
+
+# If a XLA commit is provided, check out XLA at that commit.
+if [[ ! -z "$JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT" ]]; then
+  # Clone XLA at HEAD if a path to local XLA is not provided.
+  if [[ -z "$JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR" ]]; then
+    clone_main_xla
+  fi
+  pushd "$JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR"
+
+  git fetch --depth=1 origin "$JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT"
+  echo "JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT is set. Checking out XLA at $JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT"
+  git checkout "$JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT"
+
+  popd
+fi
+
+if [[ ! -z ${JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR} ]]; then
+  echo "INFO: Overriding XLA to be read from $JAXCI_XLA_GIT_DIR instead of the"
+  echo "pinned version in the WORKSPACE."
+  echo "If you would like to revert this behavior, unset JAXCI_CLONE_MAIN_XLA"
+  echo "and JAXCI_XLA_COMMIT in your environment. Note that the Bazel RBE test"
+  echo "commands overrides the XLA repository and thus require a local copy of"
+  echo "XLA to run."
+fi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ci/utilities/source_jaxci_envs.sh b/ci/utilities/source_jaxci_envs.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..51acc601eacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/utilities/source_jaxci_envs.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Copyright 2024 The JAX Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+#
+# Source "JAXCI_" environment variables.
+
+# If a JAX CI env file has not been passed, exit.
+if [[ -z "$1" ]]; then
+  echo "ERROR: No JAX CI env file passed."
+  echo "This script requires a path to a JAX CI env file as an argument."
+  echo "Please provide an env file from the ci/envs directory."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# -e: abort script if one command fails
+# -u: error if undefined variable used
+# -x: log all commands
+# -o pipefail: entire command fails if pipe fails. watch out for yes | ...
+# -o history: record shell history
+# -o allexport: export all functions and variables to be available to subscripts
+set -exuo pipefail -o history -o allexport
+source "$1"
\ No newline at end of file