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Microservices high-load test

Prerequisites:

You will need an account in GCP and two projects in which the GKE clusters will be deployed.

Configure your projects:

sed 's/PROJECTA/my-istio-project-1/' scripts/env.sh -i
sed 's/PROJECTB/my-istio-project-2/' scripts/env.sh -i

Deploy the clusters (ignore the warnings):

./script.sh
./scripts/env.sh

Verify HPA is correct in both clusters:

kubectl config use-context gke_${PROJECT_1}_europe-west1-b_${PREFIX}-dual-cluster1
kubectl get -n hipster1 hpa
kubectl config use-context gke_${PROJECT_2}_europe-west1-b_${PREFIX}-dual-cluster2
kubectl get -n hipster2 hpa

Get the IP of the frontend:

kubectl config use-context gke_${PROJECT_2}_europe-west1-b_${PREFIX}-dual-cluster2
kubectl get svc -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway
34.78.211.40

Prepare load-test machine

Create a VM or run in your computer if you have enough bandwidth (choose a decent machine and disk, e.g. n1-standard-4, 100GB).

Install locust:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y python3 python3-pip wget
pip3 install locust

Downlod the locust file that works with the latest locust:

wget -c https://raw.githubusercontent.com/endocode/istio-tests/master/locustfile.py

Configure the system and run locust:

ulimit -n 65535
FRONTEND_ADDR=34.78.211.40
USERS=5000
TIME=5m
.local/bin/locust --headless -H http://${FRONTEND_ADDR} -u ${USERS} -r 50 -t ${TIME}

Errors should start > 100 RPS.

Destroy the clusters:

./scripts/cleanup-delete-clusters.sh

NOTE: Don't forget to manually destroy the VM used for the load tests if you created one!

Demo: Multicluster Istio - Gateway-Connected Clusters

This example shows how to orchestrate an application with Istio across two different Google Kubernetes Engine clusters. To do this, we will unite two different Istio service meshes into one logical, hybrid mesh.

dual-screenshot

This example is relevant if you run microservices on two different cloud platforms, or are using a combination of on-prem and cloud Kubernetes. For demonstration purposes here, we'll use two GKE clusters in two different projects, and thus two different virtual networks.

How it works

This demo uses Istio 1.4's Gateway-Connected Clusters feature. This is a specific mode of multicluster Istio where two separate Kubernetes clusters run their own Istio control plane, and orchestrate their own mesh. But each Istio control plane also runs a CoreDNS server, which allows services in both clusters to refer to services in the other cluster, as if they were part of their own mesh. A service in cluster 1 can call a cluster 2 service with a DNS name of the format svc-name.cluster-2-namespace.global. The Kubernetes DNS server and Istio's CoreDNS know how to work together to resolve that global DNS suffix.

Prerequisites

  • Two GCP projects with billing and the Kubernetes API enabled
  • gcloud CLI
  • kubectl
  • helm CLI

Set Project Variables

export PROJECT_1=<your-project1>

export PROJECT_2=<your-second-project>

Create Two GKE Clusters

./scripts/1-create-gke-clusters.sh

Then, run:

watch -n 1 gcloud container clusters list

And wait for both clusters to be RUNNING.

Install Istio on Both Clusters

./scripts/2-install-istio.sh

Wait for all Istio pods to be RUNNING and READY:

NAME                                     READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
istio-citadel-5f5f589d85-ngwzx           1/1     Running     0          2m10s
istio-egressgateway-586b67d9f9-rvgdl     1/1     Running     0          2m10s
istio-galley-69dddcdb6d-ftc9k            1/1     Running     0          2m10s
istio-ingressgateway-6cb57df9d5-s82ml    1/1     Running     0          2m10s
istio-init-crd-10-44ftr                  0/1     Completed   0          3m41s
istio-init-crd-11-bbf6m                  0/1     Completed   0          3m41s
istio-init-crd-12-gd2fc                  0/1     Completed   0          3m41s
istio-pilot-55b94698c4-5s8l4             2/2     Running     0          2m10s
istio-policy-68b4bf556d-9l7sj            2/2     Running     2          2m10s
istio-sidecar-injector-68bf9645b-2qfrv   1/1     Running     0          2m10s
istio-telemetry-659fc8767d-4qt9h         2/2     Running     2          2m10s
istiocoredns-586757d55d-bjzz9            2/2     Running     0          2m10s
prometheus-5b48f5d49-pdsts               1/1     Running     0          2m10s

Configure KubeDNS to talk to Istio's CoreDNS

You'll notice istiocoredns in the list of pods. This DNS server which will handle DNS resolution across cluster boundaries.

The next step configures the Kubernetes server (kubedns) to with a DNS stub domain to talk to this auxiliary Istio CoreDNS server. A StubDomain is a forwarding rule for DNS addresses with a certain prefix.

Run the script to configure the stub domain on both GKE clusters:

./scripts/3-configure-dns.sh

Deploy the Sample App

We will now deploy Hipstershop, a sample application, across our two GKE clusters.

For demonstration purposes, we've split the microservices into two halves. One group will run on Cluster 1 (namespace hipster1):

  • emailservice
  • checkoutservice
  • paymentservice
  • currencyservice
  • shippingservice
  • adservice

And another group will run on Cluster 2 (namespace hipster2):

  • frontend
  • productcatalogservice
  • recommendationservice
  • cartservice (configured to use a local store, not Redis)

Visually, we will deploy this topology:

dual-screenshot

The following script creates the following resources on both GKE clusters:

  • Kubernetes Deployments for the services assigned to this cluster
  • Kubernetes Services for the services that are running local to this cluster
  • ServiceEntries (type MESH_INTERNAL) for all the services not running on this cluster. Note: for each of these external ServiceEntries, the script injects the Istio IngressGateway IP for the opposite cluster. This is how CoreDNS will be able to resolve global to an actual external Istio IP.
  • ServiceEntries (type MESH_EXTERNAL) to access external Google APIs (necessary for Hipstershop to run)
  • Istio VirtualServices / Gateway (for cluster 2 / the frontend only)

Run the script to deploy these resources across both clusters:

./scripts/4-deploy-hipstershop.sh

Verify successful deployment

Get the Ingress Gateway EXTERNAL_IP in cluster2, where the web frontend is deployed:

kubectl config use-context gke_${PROJECT_2}_us-central1-b_dual-cluster2
kubectl get svc -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway

Navigate to that address in a browser.

If you see the frontend, you just deployed Multicluster Istio across two separate networks, then ran an application that spanned two Kubernetes environments! All part of a single, two-headed Service Mesh. 🎉

Troubleshooting

If you open Hipstershop in a browser, and see a 500 error like this:

500-error

This means the Frontend (in cluster 2) cannot access services running on cluster 1.

To debug, make sure that the Frontend's Envoy sidecar can ping a cluster-1 service:

$ kubectl exec -it frontend-85d9fd86f8-8gkpq -c istio-proxy -n hipster2 /bin/sh

$ ping currencyservice.hipster1.global
PING currencyservice.hipster1.global (127.255.0.4) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.255.0.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.030 ms

Clean up

Delete the 2 GKE clusters:

./scripts/cleanup-delete-clusters.sh

Further reading

  • To learn about Multicluster Istio and its different modes, see the Istio docs
  • To learn how to configure and install the different modes, see the Setup section in the Istio docs.