06_CT_Pandas.Rmd

# Pandas 学习教程 {#py3_pandas_ct}

陈同 chentong_biology@163.com

欢迎访问我们的视频课程 <https://bioinfo.ke.qq.com>。

## What is pandas

Pandas是python中用于处理矩阵样数据的功能强大的包，提供了R中的`dataframe`和`vector`的操作，使得我们在使用python时，也可以方便、简单、快捷、高效地进行矩阵数据处理。

具体介绍详见<http://pandas.pydata.org/>。


* A fast and efficient **DataFrame** object for data manipulation with integrated indexing;
* Tools for reading and writing data between in-memory data structures and different formats: CSV and text files, Microsoft Excel, SQL databases, and the fast **HDF5** format;
* Intelligent **data alignment** and integrated handling of missing data: gain automatic label-based alignment in computations and easily manipulate **messy data into an orderly form**;
* Flexible **reshaping** and **pivoting** of data sets;
* Intelligent label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and subsetting of large data sets;
* Columns can be inserted and deleted from data structures for size mutability;
* Aggregating or transforming data with a powerful group by engine allowing split-apply-combine operations on data sets;
* High performance **merging** and **joining** of data sets;
* Hierarchical axis indexing provides an intuitive way of working with high-dimensional data in a lower-dimensional data structure;
* Time series-functionality: date range generation and frequency conversion, moving window statistics, moving window linear regressions, date shifting and lagging. Even create domain-specific time offsets and join time series without losing data;
* Highly optimized for performance, with critical code paths written in Cython or C.
* Python with pandas is in use in a wide variety of academic and commercial domains, including Finance, Neuroscience, Economics, Statistics, Advertising, Web Analytics, and more.



```python
%matplotlib inline

#import plotly
#plotly.offline.init_notebook_mode()

import matplotlib
matplotlib.style.use('ggplot')
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import os
from glob import glob
```

## Pandas读取文件

### 获取目标文件


```python
dir_1 = "py_data/"
glob(dir_1+'*')
```




    ['py_data/ENCFF060LPA.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF262OBL.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF289HGQ.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF673KYR.tsv',
     'py_data/gencode.v24.ENS2SYN',
     'py_data/meta.tsv',
     'py_data/gencode.gene.gtf',
     'py_data/gencode.gene.bed12',
     'py_data/ensm.id',
     'py_data/GRCh38.idmap']



### 查看目标文件内容和格式
Ipython中可以通过在Linux命令前加`!`调用系统命令，更多使用见
http://ipython.org/ipython-doc/3/interactive/reference.html#system-shell-access.


```python
!head -n 4 py_data/gencode.v24.ENS2SYN
```

    gene_id	gene_symbol
    ENSG00000001460.17	STPG1
    ENSG00000001461.16	NIPAL3
    ENSG00000000938.12	FGR



```python
!head -n 4 py_data/ENCFF060LPA.tsv
```

    gene_id	transcript_id(s)	length	effective_length	expected_count	TPM	FPKM
    ENSG00000000003.14	ENST00000373020.8,ENST00000494424.1,ENST00000496771.5,ENST00000612152.4,ENST00000614008.4	2240.53	2020.49	5126.00	6.64	18.24
    ENSG00000000005.5	ENST00000373031.4,ENST00000485971.1	940.50	720.47	0.00	0.00	0.00
    ENSG00000000419.12	ENST00000371582.8,ENST00000371584.8,ENST00000371588.9,ENST00000413082.1,ENST00000466152.5,ENST00000494752.1	1072.03	851.99	3222.00	9.91	27.19


### 读取两列文件


```python
ens2syn_file = dir_1+"/gencode.v24.ENS2SYN"
```


```python
# pandas中的计数都是从0开始的
# header=0: 指定第一行包含列的名字
# index_col=0: 指定第一列为行的名字
ens2syn = pd.read_table(ens2syn_file, header=0, index_col=0)
```


```python
ens2syn.head()
```




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</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001461.16</th>
      <td>NIPAL3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>FGR</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000004455.16</th>
      <td>AK2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000460.16</th>
      <td>C1orf112</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



### 数据表的索引

    * 数值索引和布尔值索引是按行选取
    * 字符串索引是按列选取
    * 行和列是等效的，应用于行的选取函数也可应用于列，反之亦然

#### 按行选取数据


```python
ens2syn[:3]
```




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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001461.16</th>
      <td>NIPAL3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>FGR</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 取出索引中包含特定值的行


```python
ens2syn[ens2syn.index=="ENSG00000001460.17"]
```




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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 取出某列包含特定值列表的行


```python
ens2syn[ens2syn['gene_symbol'].isin(['STPG1','FGR'])]
```




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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>FGR</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 使用正则表达式选取符合要求的行


```python
# head: 只展示部分数据
ens2syn[ens2syn.index.str.contains(r'ENSG000000014')].head()
```




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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001461.16</th>
      <td>NIPAL3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001497.16</th>
      <td>LAS1L</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
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### 读取多列文件

`gzip`, `bzip`压缩的文件也可以直接读取，但是需要保证文件后缀的正确。
`read_table`默认参数可以自动检测文件的格式，根据文件的后缀 '.gz', '.bz2', '.zip', or 'xz'分别使用 gzip, bz2, zip or xz读取。


```python
tsvL = glob(dir_1+'ENC*.tsv')
tsvL
```




    ['py_data/ENCFF060LPA.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF262OBL.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF289HGQ.tsv',
     'py_data/ENCFF673KYR.tsv']




```python
index = 0
tsvFile = tsvL[index]
expr = pd.read_table(tsvFile, header=0, index_col=0)
expr.head(3)
```




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    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>transcript_id(s)</th>
      <th>length</th>
      <th>effective_length</th>
      <th>expected_count</th>
      <th>TPM</th>
      <th>FPKM</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>ENST00000373020.8,ENST00000494424.1,ENST000004...</td>
      <td>2240.53</td>
      <td>2020.49</td>
      <td>5126.0</td>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>18.24</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>ENST00000373031.4,ENST00000485971.1</td>
      <td>940.50</td>
      <td>720.47</td>
      <td>0.0</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>ENST00000371582.8,ENST00000371584.8,ENST000003...</td>
      <td>1072.03</td>
      <td>851.99</td>
      <td>3222.0</td>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>27.19</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



### 选取多列数据
列的输出顺序与给定的列名字的顺序一致


```python
expr[['FPKM','TPM']].head(3)
```




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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>FPKM</th>
      <th>TPM</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>18.24</td>
      <td>6.64</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>27.19</td>
      <td>9.91</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



### 重命名列名字
从Dataframe中只选取一列时，数据框会被转换成**Series**，因此需要使用`pd.loc[:,[column_name]]`(虽然内部的方括号内只有一个值，但写法是必须的)索引。


```python
tsvFile
os.path.split(tsvFile)[-1][:-4]
```




    'ENCFF060LPA'




```python
# 因为要把多个文件的同一类型表达值合并到一个文件，我们使用文件名作为列的名字
name = os.path.split(tsvFile)[-1][:-4]
print(name)
expr_tpm = expr.loc[:,['TPM']] # 取出所有的行和名字为TPM的列
#expr_tpm.head()
# 给列重命名
expr_tpm.columns=[name]  
expr_tpm[:3]
```

    ENCFF060LPA





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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
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### 合并矩阵

#### 定义函数简化文件读取


```python
# 为了读取多个文件，定义一个函数简化操作
def readExpr_1(tsvFileL, typeL=['TPM','FPKM']):
    '''
    tsvFileL: lists of files waiting for reading
    resultD: a dictionary to save data matrix
            {'TPM':[mat1, mat2,...]
             'FPKM':[mat1, mat2, ...]}
    typeL; list of names for columns to be extracted
    '''
    resultD = {}
    for _type in typeL: resultD[_type] = []
    
    for tsvFile in tsvFileL:
        expr = pd.read_table(tsvFile, header=0, index_col=0)
        name = os.path.split(tsvFile)[-1][:-4]  #this option is very arbitary
        for _type in typeL: 
            # add _ to type to avoid override Python inner function `type` 
            expr_type = expr.loc[:,[_type]]
            expr_type.columns = [name]
            resultD[_type].append(expr_type)
    return resultD
#-----------------------------------------------------
```


```python
exprD = readExpr_1(tsvL)
TPM_mat = exprD['TPM']
FPKM_mat = exprD['FPKM']
```

#### 使用pd.merge合并矩阵示例

先从刚才读取的矩阵中选出2个测试下pandas中的矩阵合并方法和效果


```python
# 选取第一个矩阵
_idL = ['ENSG00000000003.14', 'ENSG00000000005.5','ENSG00000000419.12',
        'ENSG00000000457.13']
mat1 = TPM_mat[0]
mat1 = mat1[mat1.index.isin(_idL)]
mat1
```




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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
# 选取第二个矩阵
_idL = ['ENSG00000001561.6','ENSG00000000003.14', 'ENSG00000000419.12','ENSG00000001036.13']
mat2 = TPM_mat[1]
mat2 = mat2[mat2.index.isin(_idL)]
mat2
```




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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
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基于索引(index)的合并
    * outer: 合并所有的索引，缺失值填充NA
    * inner：保留共有的索引
    * left：使用第一个矩阵的索引
    * right：使用第二个矩阵的索引


```python
pd.merge(mat1, mat2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how="outer")
```




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    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
pd.merge(mat1, mat2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how="inner")
```




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    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>

<!--/html_preserve-->



```python
pd.merge(mat1, mat2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how="left")
```




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    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 使用pd.concat合并矩阵示例 
对于较多的数据表合并操作时，`concat`比`merge`要简单快速很多。


```python
pd.concat([mat1, mat2], axis=1)
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
pd.concat([mat1, mat2], axis=1, join="inner")
```




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<style>
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    }

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        text-align: left;
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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 使用pd.join合并矩阵示例


```python
mat3 = mat1.join(mat2, how="outer")
mat3
```




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    }

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        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



替换NA值为0


```python
mat3 = mat3.fillna(0)
mat3
```




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<div>
<style>
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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000005.5</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



去除所有值都为0的行


```python
#Both works well here
#mat3[(mat3>0).any(axis=1)]
mat3.loc[(mat3>0).any(axis=1)]
```




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<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001036.13</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>10.34</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001561.6</th>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>2.47</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 测试三种方法使用的内存和速度比较

速度：`concat`>`join`>>`merge`

内存：相当


```python
# 不错的reduce教程
from functools import reduce
%timeit test_merge = reduce(lambda left,right: pd.merge(left,right,left_index=True,right_index=True,how='outer'), TPM_mat)
```

    3.04 ms ± 52.4 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)



```python
%timeit test_merge = pd.concat(TPM_mat, axis=1)
```

    1.29 ms ± 30.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)



```python
%timeit TPM_mat[0].join(TPM_mat[1:], how="outer")
```

    1.31 ms ± 11.2 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)



```python
# 首先安装memory_profiler,加载插件
%load_ext memory_profiler
```


```python
%memit test_merge = reduce(lambda left,right: pd.merge(left,right,left_index=True,right_index=True,how='outer'), TPM_mat)
```

    peak memory: 101.27 MiB, increment: 0.02 MiB



```python
%memit test_merge = pd.concat(TPM_mat, axis=1)
```

    peak memory: 101.28 MiB, increment: 0.00 MiB



```python
%memit TPM_mat[0].join(TPM_mat[1:], how="outer")
```

    peak memory: 101.28 MiB, increment: 0.00 MiB


#### 重写函数完成文件的读写和矩阵的合并


```python
# 读取多个文件，并且合并矩阵，定义一个函数简化操作
def concatExpr(tsvFileL, typeL=['TPM','FPKM']):
    '''
    tsvFileL: lists of files waiting for reading
    resultD: a dictionary to save data matrix
            {'TPM':[mat1, mat2,...]
             'FPKM':[mat1, mat2, ...]}
    typeL; list of names for columns to be extracted
    '''
    resultD = {}
    for _type in typeL: resultD[_type] = []
    
    for tsvFile in tsvFileL:
        expr = pd.read_table(tsvFile, header=0, index_col=0)
        name = os.path.split(tsvFile)[-1][:-4]  #this options is very arbitary
        for _type in typeL: # add _ to type to avoid override Python inner function `type` 
            expr_type = expr.loc[:,[_type]]
            expr_type.columns = [name]
            resultD[_type].append(expr_type)
    #-------------------------------------------
    mergeD = {}
    for _type in typeL:
        mergeM = pd.concat(resultD[_type], axis=1)
        mergeM = mergeM.fillna(0) # Substitute all NA with 0
        mergeM = mergeM.loc[(mergeM>0).any(axis=1)] # Delete aoo zero rows.
        mergeD[_type] = mergeM
    return mergeD
#-----------------------------------------------------
```


```python
typeL = ['TPM','FPKM']
exprD = concatExpr(tsvL, typeL)
TPM_mat = exprD['TPM']
FPKM_mat = exprD['FPKM']
```


```python
TPM_mat.head()
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
      <td>1.03</td>
      <td>2.42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
      <td>1.45</td>
      <td>1.80</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>2.48</td>
      <td>0.24</td>
      <td>0.38</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000460.16</th>
      <td>1.51</td>
      <td>5.36</td>
      <td>0.26</td>
      <td>0.16</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>0.01</td>
      <td>0.05</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
      <td>0.00</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



### 矩阵数据提取

只保留表达矩阵中存储的基因的`ID`和`Symbol`对照表


```python
# 回顾下数据格式
ens2syn.head(3)
```




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<div>
<style>
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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001461.16</th>
      <td>NIPAL3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>FGR</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
ens2syn.shape
```




    (48, 1)




```python
ens2syn = ens2syn[ens2syn.index.isin(TPM_mat.index)]
```


```python
ens2syn.shape
```




    (48, 1)




```python
ens2syn.head(3)
```




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<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
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        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001460.17</th>
      <td>STPG1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001461.16</th>
      <td>NIPAL3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000938.12</th>
      <td>FGR</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



### 读取META data文件


```python
meta = "data/meta.tsv"
metaM = pd.read_table(meta, header=0, index_col=0)
# 重名了列的名字
oriColnames = metaM.columns.values
nameD = dict([(i,i.replace(' ','_')) for i in oriColnames])
metaM.rename(columns=nameD, inplace=True)
metaM.head(3)
```




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<div>
<style>
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        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_id</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
      <th>Biosample_organism</th>
      <th>Biosample_treatments</th>
      <th>Biosample_subcellular_fraction_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_phase</th>
      <th>Biosample_synchronization_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_Age</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>CL:0000650</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>52 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>23 year</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



#### 只保留前面提到的4个样品的数据


```python
sampleL = TPM_mat.columns.values
metaM = metaM[metaM.index.isin(sampleL)]
# 同时索引行和列
metaM.iloc[:4,:5]
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_id</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>CL:0000650</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>CL:0002558</td>
      <td>fibroblast of villous mesenchyme</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



####  提取目标列信息


```python
# 假如只提取`Biosample`开头的列
#meta_colL = ['Biosample term id', 'Biosample term name']

# Extract columns matching specific patterns
# Both works well, filter is more simple
#metaM.loc[:,metaM.columns.str.contains(r'^Biosample')]
metaM = metaM.filter(regex=("^Biosample"))
metaM
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_id</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
      <th>Biosample_organism</th>
      <th>Biosample_treatments</th>
      <th>Biosample_subcellular_fraction_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_phase</th>
      <th>Biosample_synchronization_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_Age</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>CL:0000650</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>52 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>23 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>CL:0002558</td>
      <td>fibroblast of villous mesenchyme</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
metaM.fillna('')
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_id</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
      <th>Biosample_organism</th>
      <th>Biosample_treatments</th>
      <th>Biosample_subcellular_fraction_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_phase</th>
      <th>Biosample_synchronization_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_Age</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>CL:0000650</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td>52 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td>23 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>CL:0002558</td>
      <td>fibroblast of villous mesenchyme</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



## Pandas写入文件

### 写入文本文件


```python
metaM.to_csv("pandas_data/meta2.tsv", sep="\t")
```


```python
ens2syn.to_csv("pandas_data/gencode.v24.ENS2SYN", sep="\t")
```


```python
TPM_mat.to_csv("pandas_data/TPM", sep='\t', float_format="%.2f")
```

## PANDAS矩阵的小应用

利用上面的矩阵操作，选取这两个基因相关的信息并绘制表达谱


```python
targetL = ['KRIT1','AK2']
```

Gene_symbol转换为Gene_id


```python
ensID = ens2syn[ens2syn["gene_symbol"].isin(targetL)]
ensID
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_symbol</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000004455.16</th>
      <td>AK2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001631.14</th>
      <td>KRIT1</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



提取目标基因的表达


```python
targetExpr = TPM_mat[TPM_mat.index.isin(ensID.index)]
targetExpr
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000001631.14</th>
      <td>6.21</td>
      <td>13.36</td>
      <td>1.15</td>
      <td>1.37</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000004455.16</th>
      <td>15.57</td>
      <td>37.62</td>
      <td>2.31</td>
      <td>8.95</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



重命名矩阵的索引


```python
ensID_dict = ensID.to_dict()
ensID_dict
```




    {'gene_symbol': {'ENSG00000001631.14': 'KRIT1', 'ENSG00000004455.16': 'AK2'}}




```python
targetExpr = targetExpr.rename(index=ensID_dict['gene_symbol'])
targetExpr
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>KRIT1</th>
      <td>6.21</td>
      <td>13.36</td>
      <td>1.15</td>
      <td>1.37</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>AK2</th>
      <td>15.57</td>
      <td>37.62</td>
      <td>2.31</td>
      <td>8.95</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



转置矩阵以增加META信息


```python
targetExpr_t = targetExpr.T
targetExpr_t
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th>KRIT1</th>
      <th>AK2</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>6.21</td>
      <td>15.57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>13.36</td>
      <td>37.62</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>1.15</td>
      <td>2.31</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>1.37</td>
      <td>8.95</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



从meta矩阵中提取4列信息


```python
metaM.head(3)
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_id</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
      <th>Biosample_organism</th>
      <th>Biosample_treatments</th>
      <th>Biosample_subcellular_fraction_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_phase</th>
      <th>Biosample_synchronization_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_Age</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>CL:0000650</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>52 year</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>CL:1001568</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
      <td>Homo sapiens</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>NaN</td>
      <td>23 year</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
meta_type = ["Biosample_term_name","Biosample_type", "Biosample_life_stage", 
             "Biosample_sex"]
```


```python
meta = metaM[meta_type]
meta
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>File accession</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>fibroblast of villous mesenchyme</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
target_expr_meta = targetExpr_t.join(meta, how="left")
target_expr_meta
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>KRIT1</th>
      <th>AK2</th>
      <th>Biosample_term_name</th>
      <th>Biosample_type</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>6.21</td>
      <td>15.57</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>13.36</td>
      <td>37.62</td>
      <td>pulmonary artery endothelial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>1.15</td>
      <td>2.31</td>
      <td>fibroblast of villous mesenchyme</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>1.37</td>
      <td>8.95</td>
      <td>mesangial cell</td>
      <td>primary cell</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
target_expr_meta.drop(["Biosample_term_name", "Biosample_type"], axis=1)
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>KRIT1</th>
      <th>AK2</th>
      <th>Biosample_life_stage</th>
      <th>Biosample_sex</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <td>6.21</td>
      <td>15.57</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <td>13.36</td>
      <td>37.62</td>
      <td>adult</td>
      <td>male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <td>1.15</td>
      <td>2.31</td>
      <td>newborn</td>
      <td>male, female</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <td>1.37</td>
      <td>8.95</td>
      <td>unknown, fetal</td>
      <td>unknown, female</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



绘制散点图


```python
target_expr_meta.plot.scatter(x='KRIT1', y='AK2')
```




    <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fbf95322390>




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_103_1.png")
```


绘制箱线图


```python
a = target_expr_meta.boxplot(["KRIT1", "AK2"])
```


```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_105_0.png")
```


绘制每个样品的基因表达分布


```python
ax = TPM_mat.boxplot(list(TPM_mat.columns))
ax.set_ylim(0,100)
ax.set_ylabel("TPM")
ax.set_xlabel("Samples")
ax.set_title("Gene expression distribution for all samples")
```




    Text(0.5,1,'Gene expression distribution for all samples')




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_107_1.png")
```


更多坐标轴调整见 <https://matplotlib.org/api/axes_api.html#axis-labels-title-and-legend>

## Seaborn绘图

`Seaborn`是基于`matplotlib`的python可视化库，提供更高级的接口和更好的定制性，支持`numpy`和`pandas`数据结构，和`scipy`和`statsmodels`的统计计算。


```python
# 导入seaborn库，并给予一个更简短的名字，方便后续引用
import seaborn as sns
```


```python
TPM_mat.head(3)
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
      <td>1.03</td>
      <td>2.42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
      <td>1.45</td>
      <td>1.80</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>2.48</td>
      <td>0.24</td>
      <td>0.38</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->



Pandas绘图


```python
TPM_mat.plot(kind="scatter", x="ENCFF060LPA", y="ENCFF262OBL")
```




    <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fbf84af0a20>




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_114_1.png")
```


Seaborn绘图 (还可以直接显示直方图，计算相关性)


```python
sns.jointplot(x="ENCFF060LPA", y="ENCFF262OBL", data=TPM_mat, size=4)
```




    <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid at 0x7fbf9531a1d0>




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_116_1.png")
```



```python
sp = sns.heatmap(TPM_mat)
```


```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_117_0.png")
```



```python
TPM_mat_cor = TPM_mat.corr()
sns.heatmap(TPM_mat_cor)
```




    <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fbf8494a2b0>




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_118_1.png")
```



```python
ax = TPM_mat.boxplot(list(TPM_mat.columns))
ax.set_ylim(0,100)
ax.set_ylabel("TPM")
ax.set_xlabel("Samples")
ax.set_title("Gene expression distribution for all samples")
```




    Text(0.5,1,'Gene expression distribution for all samples')




```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_119_1.png")
```



```python
TPM_mat['gene_id'] = TPM_mat.index
TPM_mat.head(4)
```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>ENCFF060LPA</th>
      <th>ENCFF262OBL</th>
      <th>ENCFF289HGQ</th>
      <th>ENCFF673KYR</th>
      <th>gene_id</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
      <th></th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000003.14</th>
      <td>6.64</td>
      <td>17.13</td>
      <td>1.03</td>
      <td>2.42</td>
      <td>ENSG00000000003.14</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000419.12</th>
      <td>9.91</td>
      <td>18.86</td>
      <td>1.45</td>
      <td>1.80</td>
      <td>ENSG00000000419.12</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000457.13</th>
      <td>0.86</td>
      <td>2.48</td>
      <td>0.24</td>
      <td>0.38</td>
      <td>ENSG00000000457.13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>ENSG00000000460.16</th>
      <td>1.51</td>
      <td>5.36</td>
      <td>0.26</td>
      <td>0.16</td>
      <td>ENSG00000000460.16</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
#http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.wide_to_long.html
TPM_melt = pd.melt(TPM_mat, id_vars=['gene_id'])

TPM_melt.head(3)

```




<!--html_preserve-->
<div>
<style>
    .dataframe thead tr:only-child th {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .dataframe thead th {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .dataframe tbody tr th {
        vertical-align: top;
    }
</style>
<table border="1" class="dataframe">
  <thead>
    <tr style="text-align: right;">
      <th></th>
      <th>gene_id</th>
      <th>variable</th>
      <th>value</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>0</th>
      <td>ENSG00000000003.14</td>
      <td>ENCFF060LPA</td>
      <td>6.64</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>1</th>
      <td>ENSG00000000419.12</td>
      <td>ENCFF060LPA</td>
      <td>9.91</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>2</th>
      <td>ENSG00000000457.13</td>
      <td>ENCFF060LPA</td>
      <td>0.86</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!--/html_preserve-->




```python
ax = sns.boxplot(x="variable", y="value", data=TPM_melt)
```


```{r}
knitr::include_graphics("06_CT_Pandas_files/06_CT_Pandas_122_0.png")
```