turtle.pl

/*  Part of SWI-Prolog

    Author:        Jan Wielemaker
    E-mail:        J.Wielemaker@vu.nl
    WWW:           http://www.swi-prolog.org
    Copyright (c)  2013-2022, University of Amsterdam
                              VU University Amsterdam
                              SWI-Prolog Solutions b.v.
    All rights reserved.

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    are met:

    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
       the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
       distribution.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
    "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
    LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
    FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
    COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
    BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
    LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
    CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
    ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

:- module(turtle,
          [ rdf_load_turtle/3,                  % +Input, -Triples, +Options
            rdf_read_turtle/3,                  % +Input, -Triples, +Options
            rdf_process_turtle/3,               % +Input, :OnObject, +Options
                                                % re-exports
            rdf_save_turtle/2,                  % +File, +Options
            rdf_save_canonical_turtle/2,        % +File, +Options
            rdf_save_trig/2,                    % +File, +Options
            rdf_save_canonical_trig/2,          % +File, +Options
            rdf_save_ntriples/2                 % +File, +Options
          ]).
:- use_module(library(semweb/rdf_turtle_write)). % re-exports
:- if(exists_source(library(semweb/rdf_db))).
:- use_module(library(semweb/rdf_db),
              [rdf_transaction/2,rdf_set_graph/2,rdf_assert/4]).
:- endif.

:- autoload(library(memfile),
	    [atom_to_memory_file/2,open_memory_file/4]).
:- autoload(library(option),[option/3,option/2]).
:- autoload(library(uri),
	    [uri_file_name/2,uri_is_global/1,uri_normalized/2]).
:- autoload(library(http/http_open),[http_open/3]).

% re-exports
:- meta_predicate
    rdf_process_turtle(+,2,+).

:- predicate_options(rdf_load_turtle/3, 3,
                     [pass_to(rdf_read_turtle/3, 3)]).
:- predicate_options(rdf_process_turtle/3, 3,
                     [ anon_prefix(atom),
                       base_uri(atom),
                       base_used(-atom),
                       db(atom),
                       error_count(-integer),
                       namespaces(-list),
                       on_error(oneof([warning,error])),
                       prefixes(-list),
                       resources(oneof([uri,iri]))
                     ]).
:- predicate_options(rdf_read_turtle/3, 3,
                     [ anon_prefix(atom),
                       base_uri(atom),
                       base_used(-atom),
                       db(atom),
                       error_count(-integer),
                       namespaces(-list),
                       on_error(oneof([warning,error])),
                       prefixes(-list),
                       resources(oneof([uri,iri]))
                     ]).

:- use_foreign_library(foreign(turtle)).
:- public                               % used by the writer
    turtle_pn_local/1,
    turtle_write_quoted_string/2,
    turtle_write_uri/2.

/** <module> Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language

This module implements the Turtle  language   for  representing  the RDF
triple model as defined by Dave Beckett  from the Institute for Learning
and Research Technology University of Bristol  and later standardized by
the W3C RDF working group.

This module acts as a plugin to   rdf_load/2,  for processing files with
one of the extensions =|.ttl|= or =|.n3|=.

@see    http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/ (used W3C Recommendation 25
        February 2014)
*/

%!  rdf_read_turtle(+Input, -Triples, +Options)
%
%   Read a stream or file into a set of triples or quadruples (if
%   faced with TriG input) of the format
%
%           rdf(Subject, Predicate, Object [, Graph])
%
%   The representation is consistent with the SWI-Prolog RDF/XML
%   and ntriples parsers.  Provided options are:
%
%           * base_uri(+BaseURI)
%           Initial base URI.  Defaults to file://<file> for loading
%           files.
%
%           * anon_prefix(+Prefix)
%           Blank nodes are generated as <Prefix>1, <Prefix>2, etc.
%           If Prefix is not an atom blank nodes are generated as
%           node(1), node(2), ...
%
%           * format(+Format)
%           One of =auto= (default), =turtle= or =trig=.  The
%           auto mode switches to TriG format of there is a
%           =|{|= before the first triple.  Finally, of the
%           format is explicitly stated as =turtle= and the
%           file appears to be a TriG file, a warning is printed
%           and the data is loaded while ignoring the graphs.
%
%           * resources(URIorIRI)
%           Officially, Turtle resources are IRIs.  Quite a
%           few applications however send URIs.  By default we
%           do URI->IRI mapping because this rarely causes errors.
%           To force strictly conforming mode, pass =iri=.
%
%           * prefixes(-Pairs)
%           Return encountered prefix declarations as a
%           list of Alias-URI
%
%           * namespaces(-Pairs)
%           Same as prefixes(Pairs).  Compatibility to rdf_load/2.
%
%           * base_used(-Base)
%           Base URI used for processing the data.  Unified to
%           [] if there is no base-uri.
%
%           * on_error(+ErrorMode)
%           In =warning= (default), print the error and continue
%           parsing the remainder of the file.  If =error=, abort
%           with an exception on the first error encountered.
%
%           * error_count(-Count)
%           If on_error(warning) is active, this option cane be
%           used to retrieve the number of generated errors.
%
%   @param  Input is one of stream(Stream), atom(Atom), a =http=,
%           =https= or =file= url or a filename specification as
%           accepted by absolute_file_name/3.

rdf_read_turtle(In, Triples, Options) :-
    base_uri(In, BaseURI, Options),
    setup_call_cleanup(
        ( open_input(In, Stream, Close),
          create_turtle_parser(Parser, Stream,
                               [ base_uri(BaseURI)
                               | Options
                               ])
        ),
        ( turtle_parse(Parser, Triples,
                       [ parse(document)
                       | Options
                       ]),
          post_options(Parser, Options)
        ),
        ( destroy_turtle_parser(Parser),
          call(Close)
        )).

%!  rdf_load_turtle(+Input, -Triples, +Options)
%
%   @deprecated Use rdf_read_turtle/3

rdf_load_turtle(Input, Triples, Options) :-
    rdf_read_turtle(Input, Triples, Options).


%!  rdf_process_turtle(+Input, :OnObject, +Options) is det.
%
%   Streaming  Turtle  parser.  The  predicate  rdf_process_turtle/3
%   processes Turtle data from Input, calling   OnObject with a list
%   of triples for every Turtle _statement_ found in Input. OnObject
%   is  called  as  below,  where  `ListOfTriples`   is  a  list  of
%   rdf(S,P,O) terms for a normal Turtle  file or rdf(S,P,O,G) terms
%   if the =GRAPH= keyword is used to  associate a set of triples in
%   the document with  a  particular   graph.  The  `Graph` argument
%   provides the default graph for storing the triples and _Line_ is
%   the line number where the statement started.
%
%     ==
%     call(OnObject, ListOfTriples, Graph:Line)
%     ==
%
%   This predicate supports the same Options as rdf_load_turtle/3.
%
%   Errors encountered are sent to  print_message/2, after which the
%   parser tries to recover and parse the remainder of the data.
%
%   @see  This  predicate  is  normally    used  by  load_rdf/2  for
%   processing RDF data.

rdf_process_turtle(In, OnObject, Options) :-
    base_uri(In, BaseURI, Options),
    option(graph(Graph), Options, BaseURI),
    setup_call_cleanup(
        ( open_input(In, Stream, Close),
          create_turtle_parser(Parser, Stream, Options)
        ),
        ( process_turtle(Parser, Stream, OnObject, Graph,
                         [ parse(statement)
                         ]),
          post_options(Parser, Options)
        ),
        ( destroy_turtle_parser(Parser),
          call(Close)
        )).

post_options(Parser, Options) :-
    prefix_option(Parser, Options),
    namespace_option(Parser, Options),
    base_option(Parser, Options),
    error_option(Parser, Options).

prefix_option(Parser, Options) :-
    (   option(prefixes(Pairs), Options)
    ->  turtle_prefixes(Parser, Pairs)
    ;   true
    ).
namespace_option(Parser, Options) :-
    (   option(namespaces(Pairs), Options)
    ->  turtle_prefixes(Parser, Pairs)
    ;   true
    ).
base_option(Parser, Options) :-
    (   option(base_used(Base), Options)
    ->  turtle_base(Parser, Base)
    ;   true
    ).
error_option(Parser, Options) :-
    (   option(error_count(Count), Options)
    ->  turtle_error_count(Parser, Count)
    ;   true
    ).


process_turtle(_Parser, Stream, _OnObject, _Graph, _Options) :-
    at_end_of_stream(Stream),
    !.
process_turtle(Parser, Stream, OnObject, Graph, Options) :-
    stream_pair(Stream, In, _),
    line_count(In, LineNo),
    turtle_parse(Parser, Triples,
                 [ parse(statement)
                 | Options
                 ]),
    call(OnObject, Triples, Graph:LineNo),
    process_turtle(Parser, Stream, OnObject, Graph, Options).


%!  open_input(+Input, -Stream, -Close) is det.
%
%   Open given input.
%
%   @param  Close goal to undo the open action
%   @tbd    Synchronize with input handling of rdf_db.pl.
%   @error  existence_error, permission_error

open_input(stream(Stream), Stream, Close) :-
    !,
    stream_property(Stream, encoding(Old)),
    (   (   unicode_encoding(Old)
        ;   stream_property(Stream, type(text))
        )
    ->  Close = true
    ;   set_stream(Stream, encoding(utf8)),
        Close = set_stream(Stream, encoding(Old))
    ).
open_input(Stream, Stream, Close) :-
    is_stream(Stream),
    !,
    open_input(stream(Stream), Stream, Close).
open_input(atom(Atom), Stream, close(Stream)) :-
    !,
    atom_to_memory_file(Atom, MF),
    open_memory_file(MF, read, Stream, [free_on_close(true)]).
open_input(URL, Stream, close(Stream)) :-
    (   sub_atom(URL, 0, _, _, 'http://')
    ;   sub_atom(URL, 0, _, _, 'https://')
    ),
    !,
    http_open(URL, Stream, []),
    set_stream(Stream, encoding(utf8)).
open_input(URL, Stream, close(Stream)) :-
    uri_file_name(URL, Path),
    !,
    open(Path, read, Stream, [encoding(utf8)]).
open_input(File, Stream, close(Stream)) :-
    absolute_file_name(File, Path,
                       [ access(read),
                         extensions([ttl, ''])
                       ]),
    open(Path, read, Stream, [encoding(utf8)]).

unicode_encoding(utf8).
unicode_encoding(wchar_t).
unicode_encoding(unicode_be).
unicode_encoding(unicode_le).

%!  base_uri(+Input, -BaseURI, +Options)
%
%   Determine the base uri to use for processing.

base_uri(_Input, BaseURI, Options) :-
    option(base_uri(BaseURI), Options),
    !.
base_uri(_Input, BaseURI, Options) :-
    option(graph(BaseURI), Options),
    !.
base_uri(stream(Input), BaseURI, _Options) :-
    stream_property(Input, file_name(Name)),
    !,
    name_uri(Name, BaseURI).
base_uri(Stream, BaseURI, Options) :-
    is_stream(Stream),
    !,
    base_uri(stream(Stream), BaseURI, Options).
base_uri(Name, BaseURI, _Options) :-
    atom(Name),
    !,
    name_uri(Name, BaseURI).
base_uri(_, 'http://www.example.com/', _).

name_uri(Name, BaseURI) :-
    uri_is_global(Name),
    !,
    uri_normalized(Name, BaseURI).
name_uri(Name, BaseURI) :-
    uri_file_name(BaseURI, Name).


                 /*******************************
                 *          WRITE SUPPORT       *
                 *******************************/

%!  turtle_pn_local(+Atom:atom) is semidet.
%
%   True if Atom is a  valid   Turtle  _PN_LOCAL_ name. The PN_LOCAL
%   name is what can follow the : in  a resource. In the new Turtle,
%   this can be anything and this   function becomes meaningless. In
%   the old turtle, PN_LOCAL is defined   similar (but not equal) to
%   an XML name. This predicate  is   used  by  rdf_save_turtle/2 to
%   write files such that can be read by old parsers.
%
%   @see xml_name/2.

%!  turtle_write_quoted_string(+Out, +Value, ?WriteLong) is det.
%
%   Write Value (an atom)  as  a   valid  Turtle  string.  WriteLong
%   determines wether the string is written   as a _short_ or _long_
%   string.  It takes the following values:
%
%     * true
%     Use Turtle's long string syntax. Embeded newlines and
%     single or double quotes are are emitted verbatim.
%     * false
%     Use Turtle's short string syntax.
%     * Var
%     If WriteLong is unbound, this predicate uses long syntax
%     if newlines appear in the string and short otherwise.  WriteLong
%     is unified with the decision taken.

%!  turtle_write_quoted_string(+Out, +Value) is det.
%
%   Same as turtle_write_quoted_string(Out, Value, false), writing a
%   string with only a single =|"|=.   Embedded newlines are escapes
%   as =|\n|=.

turtle_write_quoted_string(Out, Text) :-
    turtle_write_quoted_string(Out, Text, false).

%!  turtle_write_uri(+Out, +Value) is det.
%
%   Write a URI as =|<...>|=


                 /*******************************
                 *          RDF-DB HOOK         *
                 *******************************/

:- if(current_predicate(rdf_transaction/2)).
:- multifile
    rdf_db:rdf_load_stream/3,
    rdf_db:rdf_file_type/2.

%!  rdf_db:rdf_load_stream(+Format, +Stream, :Options)
%
%   (Turtle clauses)

rdf_db:rdf_load_stream(turtle, Stream, Options) :-
    load_turtle_stream(Stream, Options).
rdf_db:rdf_load_stream(trig, Stream, Options) :-
    load_turtle_stream(Stream, Options).

load_turtle_stream(Stream, _Module:Options) :-
    rdf_db:graph(Options, Graph),
    atom_concat('_:', Graph, BNodePrefix),
    rdf_transaction((  rdf_process_turtle(Stream, assert_triples,
                                          [ anon_prefix(BNodePrefix)
                                          | Options
                                          ]),
                       rdf_set_graph(Graph, modified(false))
                    ),
                    parse(Graph)).

assert_triples([], _).
assert_triples([H|T], Location) :-
    assert_triple(H, Location),
    assert_triples(T, Location).

assert_triple(rdf(S,P,O), Location) :-
    rdf_assert(S,P,O,Location).
assert_triple(rdf(S,P,O,G), _) :-
    rdf_assert(S,P,O,G).


rdf_db:rdf_file_type(ttl,  turtle).
rdf_db:rdf_file_type(n3,   turtle).     % not really, but good enough
rdf_db:rdf_file_type(trig, trig).
:- endif.


                 /*******************************
                 *             MESSAGES         *
                 *******************************/

:- multifile prolog:error_message//1.

prolog:error_message(existence_error(turtle_prefix, '')) -->
    [ 'Turtle empty prefix (:) is not defined' ].