diff --git a/examples/linac_segment/README.rst b/examples/linac_segment/README.rst
index c14c19973..58e0d4ea4 100644
--- a/examples/linac_segment/README.rst
+++ b/examples/linac_segment/README.rst
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 PIP-II Linac Segment
 =======================
 
-This example illustrates a small segment of the PIP-II linac, which includes the last RF cavity in the MEBT section (a quarter-wave resonator cavity for longitudinal bunching) and the first 
+This example illustrates a small segment of the PIP-II linac, which includes the last RF cavity in the MEBT section (a quarter-wave resonator cavity for longitudinal bunching) and the first
 RF cavity in the succeeding cryomodule (a superconducting half-wave resonator for acceleration).
 
 For simplicity, aperture restrictions have been removed, and there are no active kickers.  RF cavity and solenoid field maps are represented using the Fourier coefficients of the longitudinal fields on-axis.
diff --git a/examples/linac_segment/input_linac_segment.in b/examples/linac_segment/input_linac_segment.in
index d2211d6d8..10079f94d 100644
--- a/examples/linac_segment/input_linac_segment.in
+++ b/examples/linac_segment/input_linac_segment.in
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ hwr_fragment.elements = D1b SOL1b D2b RF1b D3b SOL2b D4b
 monitor.type = beam_monitor
 monitor.backend = h5
 
-D1.type = drift 
+D1.type = drift
 D1.ds = 0.17414
 
-D2.type = drift 
+D2.type = drift
 D2.ds = 0.06586
 
 D3.type = drift
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ D4.ds = 0.07
 D5.type = drift
 D5.ds = 1.0106078
 
-Q1.type = quad_chromatic 
+Q1.type = quad_chromatic
 Q1.ds = 0.05
-Q1.k = -11.4  
-Q1.units = 1 
+Q1.k = -11.4
+Q1.units = 1
 
 Q2.type = quad_chromatic
 Q2.ds = 0.1
-Q2.k = 10.47  
+Q2.k = 10.47
 Q2.units = 1
 
 Q3.type = quad_chromatic
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ RF1.sin_coefficients =             \
                  1.7088725904341150E-005 \
                 -6.9045871183576885E-006
 
-D1b.type = drift 
+D1b.type = drift
 D1b.ds = 0.177422
 
-D2b.type = drift 
+D2b.type = drift
 D2b.ds = 0.0679
 
 D3b.type = drift
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ SOL1b.cos_coefficients = \
           -1.1543046335580481E-005 \
            1.0876363164911279E-005 \
           -1.0739105769905916E-005 \
-           1.0832271198166904E-005  
+           1.0832271198166904E-005
 SOL1b.sin_coefficients = \
            0.0000000000000000 \
            8.4583007312587222E-009 \
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ SOL1b.sin_coefficients = \
            6.2776962295174599E-008 \
            1.1066968561013191E-007 \
            7.6001015258952975E-008 \
-          -3.2838215702213347E-008  
+          -3.2838215702213347E-008
 
 SOL2b.type = solenoid_softedge
 SOL2b.ds = 0.3
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ SOL2b.sin_coefficients = \
            6.2776962295174599E-008 \
            1.1066968561013191E-007 \
            7.6001015258952975E-008 \
-          -3.2838215702213347E-008  
+          -3.2838215702213347E-008
 
 RF1b.type = rfcavity
 RF1b.ds = 0.25
@@ -369,4 +369,3 @@ geometry.prob_relative = 1.1 1.1
 # Diagnostics
 ###############################################################################
 diag.slice_step_diagnostics = true
-
diff --git a/examples/linac_segment/run_linac_segment.py b/examples/linac_segment/run_linac_segment.py
index 8a1873f49..b8f8459ef 100644
--- a/examples/linac_segment/run_linac_segment.py
+++ b/examples/linac_segment/run_linac_segment.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
-import impactx
 from impactx import ImpactX, distribution, elements, twiss
 
 verbose = False
@@ -28,19 +27,21 @@
 # domain decomposition & space charge mesh
 sim.init_grids()
 
-#npart = 2  # number of macro particles
+# npart = 2  # number of macro particles
 npart = 1000000
 ns = 25  # default number of slices per element
 
 # beam reference parameters
 kin_energy_MeV = 2.1226695  # reference energy
 bunch_charge_C = 2.9824923076852509e-11  # used with space charge
-rest_mass_MeV = 939.294308  #particle rest energy
+rest_mass_MeV = 939.294308  # particle rest energy
 charge_qe = -1.0  # particle charge
 
 # reference particle
 ref = sim.particle_container().ref_particle()
-ref.set_charge_qe(charge_qe).set_mass_MeV(rest_mass_MeV).set_kin_energy_MeV(kin_energy_MeV)
+ref.set_charge_qe(charge_qe).set_mass_MeV(rest_mass_MeV).set_kin_energy_MeV(
+    kin_energy_MeV
+)
 
 # particle bunch
 distr = distribution.Gaussian(
@@ -64,81 +65,267 @@
 monitor = elements.BeamMonitor("monitor", backend="h5")
 
 # field coefficients
-QWR_sin_coefs = [0.0000000000000000, -0.44552128900111937, -0.46341657636313111, -0.20231040922531793, 5.1588444808049428E-003,
-5.8844715958123073E-002, 3.4824638238541664E-002, 8.9094492663513401E-003, 1.1498524643627059E-003, 1.7073943163752061E-003,
-2.0526237634658114E-003, 7.4066308552227407E-004, -3.1559085909346231E-004, -6.0472607331999882E-004, -2.9523109071238765E-004,
--9.2848523466919987E-005, 3.6596205157362737E-005, -1.0615530581730304E-005, 1.5947093117194282E-005, -2.5026267107225051E-005,
-1.4176336245546890E-005, -1.4237084172757583E-005, 2.4230112875582230E-005, -8.7542451259873567E-006, 1.5747147629040920E-005,
--1.7289474688373437E-005, 1.1053141257897324E-005, -1.3365651893844886E-005, 1.7088725904341150E-005, -6.9045871183576885E-006]
-
-QWR_cos_coefs = [1.4817546261092218E-006, 2.8017487205400926E-003, 5.8369359230740769E-003, 3.8183683433996862E-003,
--1.2845097142791251E-004, -1.8561682988446904E-003, -1.3146193274420626E-003, -3.9608853919712028E-004, -5.6483925331224372E-005,
--1.0009076752079404E-004, -1.2795452515182437E-004, -5.4591022951439028E-005, 2.5375542690636577E-005, 4.6438447566049534E-005,
-2.7634072263776899E-005, 5.6507816244277809E-006, -2.2331226970095930E-006, -2.0902475061645998E-006, -4.0028352235599307E-007,
--1.7573212882093792E-007, -2.7559960050216326E-007, -1.2290845811946394E-006, -1.8015143666005873E-006, -1.8601874063051138E-006,
--8.7539741192022014E-007, -4.7471486960826148E-007, -3.3075456642994716E-007, -8.8472914991366558E-007, -1.4898207046087908E-006,
--1.8563793804105000E-006]
-
-SOL_sin_coefs = [0.0000000000000000, 8.4583007312587222E-009, 1.5625118966917928E-008, 1.2544039813496867E-008, 1.2951204561920115E-008,
--1.3824319466948509E-009, -2.3654450397774321E-008, -2.3981556296348572E-008, -4.3793988876300594E-008, 5.3089692633387364E-009,
-6.5186324602062307E-009, 3.9130100049078465E-008, -6.6213967512065985E-010, 2.9653165256604552E-008, -2.7894202503375709E-008,
--5.8284914868870358E-008, -9.8081727628596127E-008, -4.8879883252084255E-008, 6.2507581315845995E-009, -4.0900704334490001E-007,
--7.8168397919797794E-007, -6.5719126518537507E-007, -2.5097324396483600E-007, -3.0195224098861217E-010, 3.9559326480385903E-008,
--8.2029146142303944E-008, 6.2776962295174599E-008, 1.1066968561013191E-007, 7.6001015258952975E-008, -3.2838215702213347E-008]
-
-SOL_cos_coefs = [0.86107056619615296, 0.55971853194956966, 9.5165555696743537E-002, -7.1096582004436276E-002,
--3.3379302016024598E-002, 1.1432386673232042E-002, 1.1410602237751005E-002, -6.1644831212256945E-004, -3.6726479972148118E-003,
--5.8336394378343155E-004, 9.6514088030205669E-004, 4.8042818016283753E-004, -2.5709054504289078E-004, -1.8039534282018529E-004,
-4.4409228704099524E-006, 1.0008305620550287E-004, -9.3173909280520884E-006, -8.2580999710389624E-006, -2.6499259243726453E-005,
-2.1681775087243477E-005, -9.1528851643742082E-006, 1.2202909413342594E-005, -1.4992933452893237E-005, 1.1952168037430294E-005,
--1.1120027616860068E-005, 1.1698954757780738E-005, -1.1543046335580481E-005, 1.0876363164911279E-005, -1.0739105769905916E-005,
-1.0832271198166904E-005]
-
-HWR_sin_coefs = [0.0000000000000000, 0.62446804950371848, 0.39543633732295935, -8.0003693987048971E-002, -0.14321597590146887,
--2.2354907085085453E-002, -6.5045696342092103E-003, -2.7625438898537705E-002, -8.3495199535108845E-003, 1.0349654439745908E-002,
-5.8109366862368443E-003, 6.7645812805355431E-005, 1.2488286275393725E-003, 1.6152921567933968E-003, -2.3731332273832940E-004,
--7.3735142731588073E-004, -1.7385804784192361E-004, 8.6718934908533787E-007, -1.7379313943036016E-004, -5.3503333766242609E-005,
-5.5700992587132386E-005, 5.0154828533339330E-005, -1.1599281414194189E-005, 3.0462696269272361E-005, 9.1556008232301467E-006,
-4.6620667631519768E-006, -1.8897102253325956E-005, 5.8585163714951205E-006, -1.2633708997350154E-005, 7.5902876048951134E-006]
-
-HWR_cos_coefs = [-1.6429636351400490E-006, -3.9298641775114274E-003, -4.9810064959918410E-003, 1.5128643575186007E-003,
-3.6056898690726424E-003, 7.0558052307109764E-004, 2.4417054683947836E-004, 1.2198738355022332E-003, 4.1923771228294382E-004,
--5.8539325032239131E-004, -3.6796369613131819E-004, -3.0374723325697628E-006, -9.6171251282330811E-005, -1.3084677545929443E-004,
-1.9291398171614876E-005, 7.1480486311979036E-005, 1.5985530655879959E-005, 1.6333992165253053E-006, 1.8109445470568947E-005,
-8.0417488665697479E-006, -8.6861802619207784E-006, -5.0126344126859984E-006, -5.8424457905284499E-008, -2.7977139079021079E-006,
--3.0325780533083796E-006, 9.1565069457351378E-007, 1.4630386344968022E-006, 6.7824413083235335E-007, 5.9435230451675147E-007,
-2.7696933433025983E-007]
+QWR_sin_coefs = [
+    0.0000000000000000,
+    -0.44552128900111937,
+    -0.46341657636313111,
+    -0.20231040922531793,
+    5.1588444808049428e-003,
+    5.8844715958123073e-002,
+    3.4824638238541664e-002,
+    8.9094492663513401e-003,
+    1.1498524643627059e-003,
+    1.7073943163752061e-003,
+    2.0526237634658114e-003,
+    7.4066308552227407e-004,
+    -3.1559085909346231e-004,
+    -6.0472607331999882e-004,
+    -2.9523109071238765e-004,
+    -9.2848523466919987e-005,
+    3.6596205157362737e-005,
+    -1.0615530581730304e-005,
+    1.5947093117194282e-005,
+    -2.5026267107225051e-005,
+    1.4176336245546890e-005,
+    -1.4237084172757583e-005,
+    2.4230112875582230e-005,
+    -8.7542451259873567e-006,
+    1.5747147629040920e-005,
+    -1.7289474688373437e-005,
+    1.1053141257897324e-005,
+    -1.3365651893844886e-005,
+    1.7088725904341150e-005,
+    -6.9045871183576885e-006,
+]
+
+QWR_cos_coefs = [
+    1.4817546261092218e-006,
+    2.8017487205400926e-003,
+    5.8369359230740769e-003,
+    3.8183683433996862e-003,
+    -1.2845097142791251e-004,
+    -1.8561682988446904e-003,
+    -1.3146193274420626e-003,
+    -3.9608853919712028e-004,
+    -5.6483925331224372e-005,
+    -1.0009076752079404e-004,
+    -1.2795452515182437e-004,
+    -5.4591022951439028e-005,
+    2.5375542690636577e-005,
+    4.6438447566049534e-005,
+    2.7634072263776899e-005,
+    5.6507816244277809e-006,
+    -2.2331226970095930e-006,
+    -2.0902475061645998e-006,
+    -4.0028352235599307e-007,
+    -1.7573212882093792e-007,
+    -2.7559960050216326e-007,
+    -1.2290845811946394e-006,
+    -1.8015143666005873e-006,
+    -1.8601874063051138e-006,
+    -8.7539741192022014e-007,
+    -4.7471486960826148e-007,
+    -3.3075456642994716e-007,
+    -8.8472914991366558e-007,
+    -1.4898207046087908e-006,
+    -1.8563793804105000e-006,
+]
+
+SOL_sin_coefs = [
+    0.0000000000000000,
+    8.4583007312587222e-009,
+    1.5625118966917928e-008,
+    1.2544039813496867e-008,
+    1.2951204561920115e-008,
+    -1.3824319466948509e-009,
+    -2.3654450397774321e-008,
+    -2.3981556296348572e-008,
+    -4.3793988876300594e-008,
+    5.3089692633387364e-009,
+    6.5186324602062307e-009,
+    3.9130100049078465e-008,
+    -6.6213967512065985e-010,
+    2.9653165256604552e-008,
+    -2.7894202503375709e-008,
+    -5.8284914868870358e-008,
+    -9.8081727628596127e-008,
+    -4.8879883252084255e-008,
+    6.2507581315845995e-009,
+    -4.0900704334490001e-007,
+    -7.8168397919797794e-007,
+    -6.5719126518537507e-007,
+    -2.5097324396483600e-007,
+    -3.0195224098861217e-010,
+    3.9559326480385903e-008,
+    -8.2029146142303944e-008,
+    6.2776962295174599e-008,
+    1.1066968561013191e-007,
+    7.6001015258952975e-008,
+    -3.2838215702213347e-008,
+]
+
+SOL_cos_coefs = [
+    0.86107056619615296,
+    0.55971853194956966,
+    9.5165555696743537e-002,
+    -7.1096582004436276e-002,
+    -3.3379302016024598e-002,
+    1.1432386673232042e-002,
+    1.1410602237751005e-002,
+    -6.1644831212256945e-004,
+    -3.6726479972148118e-003,
+    -5.8336394378343155e-004,
+    9.6514088030205669e-004,
+    4.8042818016283753e-004,
+    -2.5709054504289078e-004,
+    -1.8039534282018529e-004,
+    4.4409228704099524e-006,
+    1.0008305620550287e-004,
+    -9.3173909280520884e-006,
+    -8.2580999710389624e-006,
+    -2.6499259243726453e-005,
+    2.1681775087243477e-005,
+    -9.1528851643742082e-006,
+    1.2202909413342594e-005,
+    -1.4992933452893237e-005,
+    1.1952168037430294e-005,
+    -1.1120027616860068e-005,
+    1.1698954757780738e-005,
+    -1.1543046335580481e-005,
+    1.0876363164911279e-005,
+    -1.0739105769905916e-005,
+    1.0832271198166904e-005,
+]
+
+HWR_sin_coefs = [
+    0.0000000000000000,
+    0.62446804950371848,
+    0.39543633732295935,
+    -8.0003693987048971e-002,
+    -0.14321597590146887,
+    -2.2354907085085453e-002,
+    -6.5045696342092103e-003,
+    -2.7625438898537705e-002,
+    -8.3495199535108845e-003,
+    1.0349654439745908e-002,
+    5.8109366862368443e-003,
+    6.7645812805355431e-005,
+    1.2488286275393725e-003,
+    1.6152921567933968e-003,
+    -2.3731332273832940e-004,
+    -7.3735142731588073e-004,
+    -1.7385804784192361e-004,
+    8.6718934908533787e-007,
+    -1.7379313943036016e-004,
+    -5.3503333766242609e-005,
+    5.5700992587132386e-005,
+    5.0154828533339330e-005,
+    -1.1599281414194189e-005,
+    3.0462696269272361e-005,
+    9.1556008232301467e-006,
+    4.6620667631519768e-006,
+    -1.8897102253325956e-005,
+    5.8585163714951205e-006,
+    -1.2633708997350154e-005,
+    7.5902876048951134e-006,
+]
+
+HWR_cos_coefs = [
+    -1.6429636351400490e-006,
+    -3.9298641775114274e-003,
+    -4.9810064959918410e-003,
+    1.5128643575186007e-003,
+    3.6056898690726424e-003,
+    7.0558052307109764e-004,
+    2.4417054683947836e-004,
+    1.2198738355022332e-003,
+    4.1923771228294382e-004,
+    -5.8539325032239131e-004,
+    -3.6796369613131819e-004,
+    -3.0374723325697628e-006,
+    -9.6171251282330811e-005,
+    -1.3084677545929443e-004,
+    1.9291398171614876e-005,
+    7.1480486311979036e-005,
+    1.5985530655879959e-005,
+    1.6333992165253053e-006,
+    1.8109445470568947e-005,
+    8.0417488665697479e-006,
+    -8.6861802619207784e-006,
+    -5.0126344126859984e-006,
+    -5.8424457905284499e-008,
+    -2.7977139079021079e-006,
+    -3.0325780533083796e-006,
+    9.1565069457351378e-007,
+    1.4630386344968022e-006,
+    6.7824413083235335e-007,
+    5.9435230451675147e-007,
+    2.7696933433025983e-007,
+]
 
 # lattice segments
 
 # Fragment of MEBT lattice
 D1 = elements.Drift(name="D197", ds=0.17414, nslice=ns)
-RF1 = elements.RFCavity(name="RF4", ds = 0.24, escale = -1.09922948665414467808720822e-3, freq = 162500000.0, phase = 43.82865362, cos_coefficients = QWR_cos_coefs, sin_coefficients =
-QWR_sin_coefs, mapsteps = 100, nslice=ns)
+RF1 = elements.RFCavity(
+    name="RF4",
+    ds=0.24,
+    escale=-1.09922948665414467808720822e-3,
+    freq=162500000.0,
+    phase=43.82865362,
+    cos_coefficients=QWR_cos_coefs,
+    sin_coefficients=QWR_sin_coefs,
+    mapsteps=100,
+    nslice=ns,
+)
 D2 = elements.Drift(name="D204", ds=0.06586, nslice=ns)
-Q1 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q29", ds=0.05, k = -11.4, unit=1, nslice=ns)
+Q1 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q29", ds=0.05, k=-11.4, unit=1, nslice=ns)
 D3 = elements.Drift(name="D205", ds=0.07, nslice=ns)
-Q2 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q30", ds=0.1, k = 10.47, unit=1, nslice=ns)
+Q2 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q30", ds=0.1, k=10.47, unit=1, nslice=ns)
 D4 = elements.Drift(name="D208", ds=0.070, nslice=ns)
-Q3 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q31", ds=0.05, k = -11.4, unit=1, nslice=ns)
+Q3 = elements.ChrQuad(name="Q31", ds=0.05, k=-11.4, unit=1, nslice=ns)
 D5 = elements.Drift(name="D208", ds=1.0106078, nslice=ns)
 
-mebt_fragment = [
-D1, RF1, D2, Q1, D3, Q2, D4, Q3, D5 ]
+mebt_fragment = [D1, RF1, D2, Q1, D3, Q2, D4, Q3, D5]
 
 # Fragment of HWR lattice
 D1b = elements.Drift(name="D1b", ds=0.177422, nslice=ns)
-SOL1b = elements.SoftSolenoid(name="SOL1b", ds = 0.3, bscale = -2.3192, cos_coefficients = SOL_cos_coefs, sin_coefficients = SOL_sin_coefs, unit = 1, mapsteps = 100, nslice=ns)
+SOL1b = elements.SoftSolenoid(
+    name="SOL1b",
+    ds=0.3,
+    bscale=-2.3192,
+    cos_coefficients=SOL_cos_coefs,
+    sin_coefficients=SOL_sin_coefs,
+    unit=1,
+    mapsteps=100,
+    nslice=ns,
+)
 D2b = elements.Drift(name="D2b", ds=0.0679, nslice=ns)
-RF1b = elements.RFCavity(name="RF1b", ds = 0.25, escale = -0.007252998279640, freq = 162500000.0, phase = -34.6544361, cos_coefficients = HWR_cos_coefs, sin_coefficients =
-HWR_sin_coefs,
-mapsteps = 100,nslice=ns)
+RF1b = elements.RFCavity(
+    name="RF1b",
+    ds=0.25,
+    escale=-0.007252998279640,
+    freq=162500000.0,
+    phase=-34.6544361,
+    cos_coefficients=HWR_cos_coefs,
+    sin_coefficients=HWR_sin_coefs,
+    mapsteps=100,
+    nslice=ns,
+)
 D3b = elements.Drift(name="D3b", ds=0.0679, nslice=ns)
-SOL2b = elements.SoftSolenoid(name="SOL2b", ds = 0.3, bscale = -2.3969, cos_coefficients = SOL_cos_coefs, sin_coefficients = SOL_sin_coefs, unit = 1, mapsteps = 100, nslice=ns)
+SOL2b = elements.SoftSolenoid(
+    name="SOL2b",
+    ds=0.3,
+    bscale=-2.3969,
+    cos_coefficients=SOL_cos_coefs,
+    sin_coefficients=SOL_sin_coefs,
+    unit=1,
+    mapsteps=100,
+    nslice=ns,
+)
 D4b = elements.Drift(name="D4b", ds=0.0679, nslice=ns)
 
-hwr_fragment = [
-D1b, SOL1b, D2b, RF1b, D3b, SOL2b, D4b ]
+hwr_fragment = [D1b, SOL1b, D2b, RF1b, D3b, SOL2b, D4b]
 
 # assign lattice
 sim.lattice.append(monitor)
@@ -151,4 +338,3 @@
 
 # clean shutdown
 sim.finalize()
-